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In mathematics, the '''Riemann–Roch theorem for surfaces''' describes the dimension of linear systems on an [[algebraic surface]]. The classical form of it was first given by {{harvs|txt|last=Castelnuovo|year1=1896|year2=1897}}, after preliminary versions of it were found by {{harvtxt|Noether|1886}} and {{harvtxt|Enriques|1894}}. The [[sheaf (mathematics)|sheaf]]-theoretic version is due to Hirzebruch. | |||
==Statement== | |||
One form of the Riemann–Roch theorem states that if ''D'' is a divisor on a non-singular projective surface then | |||
:<math>\chi(D) = \chi(0) +\tfrac{1}{2} D . (D - K) \,</math> | |||
where χ is the [[sheaf theory|holomorphic Euler characteristic]], the dot . is the [[intersection number]], and ''K'' is the canonical divisor. The constant χ(0) is the holomorphic Euler characteristic of the trivial bundle, and is equal to 1 + ''p''<sub>''a''</sub>, where ''p''<sub>''a''</sub> is the [[arithmetic genus]] of the surface. For comparison, the Riemann–Roch theorem for a curve states that χ(''D'') = χ(0) + deg(''D''). | |||
==Noether's formula== | |||
[[Max Noether|Noether's]] formula states that | |||
:<math>\chi = \frac{c_1^2+c_2}{12} = \frac{(K.K)+e}{12}</math> | |||
where χ=χ(0) is the holomorphic Euler characteristic, ''c''<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup> = (''K''.''K'') is a [[Chern class#Chern number|Chern number]] and the self-intersection number of the canonical class ''K'', and ''e'' = ''c''<sub>2</sub> is the topological Euler characteristic. It can be used to replace the | |||
term χ(0) in the Riemann–Roch theorem with topological terms; this gives the [[Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem]] for surfaces. | |||
==Relation to the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem== | |||
For surfaces, the [[Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem]] is essentially the Riemann–Roch theorem for surfaces combined with the Noether formula. To see this, recall that for each divisor ''D'' on a surface there is an [[invertible sheaf]] ''L'' = O(''D'') such that the linear system of ''D'' is more or less the space of sections of ''L''. | |||
For surfaces the Todd class is <math>1 + c_1(X) / 2 + (c_1(X)^2 + c_2(X)) / 12</math>, and the Chern character of the sheaf ''L'' is just <math>1 + c_1(L) + c_1(L)^2 / 2</math>, so the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem states that | |||
: <math> | |||
\begin{align} | |||
\chi(D) &= h^0(L) - h^1(L) + h^2(L)\\ | |||
&= \frac{1}{2} c_1(L)^2 + \frac{1}{2} c_1(L) \, c_1(X) + \frac{1}{12} \left(c_1(X)^2 + c_2(X)\right) | |||
\end{align} | |||
</math> | |||
Fortunately this can be written in a clearer form as follows. First putting ''D'' = 0 shows that | |||
: <math> \chi(0) = \frac{1}{12}\left(c_1(X)^2 + c_2(X)\right)</math> (Noether's formula) | |||
For invertible sheaves (line bundles) the second Chern class vanishes. The products of second cohomology classes can be identified with intersection numbers in the [[Picard group]], and we get a more classical version of Riemann Roch for surfaces: | |||
: <math> \chi(D) = \chi(0) + \frac{1}{2}(D.D - D.K) </math> | |||
If we want, we can use [[Serre duality]] to express ''h''<sup>2</sup>(O(''D'')) as ''h''<sup>0</sup>(O(''K'' − ''D'')), but unlike the case of curves there is in general no easy way to write the ''h''<sup>1</sup>(O(''D'')) term in a form not involving sheaf cohomology (although in practice it often vanishes). | |||
==Early versions== | |||
The earliest forms of the Riemann–Roch theorem for surfaces were often stated as an inequality rather than an equality, because there was no direct geometric description of first cohomology groups. | |||
A typical example is given by {{harvtxt|Zariski|1995|loc=p. 78}}, which states that | |||
:<math>r\ge n-\pi+p_a+1-i</math> | |||
where | |||
*''r'' is the dimension of the complete linear system |''D''| of a divisor ''D'' (so ''r'' = ''h''<sup>0</sup>(O(''D'')) −1) | |||
*''n'' is the '''virtual degree''' of ''D'', given by the self-intersection number (''D''.''D'') | |||
*π is the '''virtual genus''' of ''D'', equal to 1 + (D.D + K)/2 | |||
*''p''<sub>''a''</sub> is the '''arithmetic genus''' χ(O<sub>''F''</sub>) − 1 of the surface | |||
*''i'' is the '''index of speciality''' of ''D'', equal to dim ''H''<sup>0</sup>(O(''K'' − ''D'')) (which by Serre duality is the same as dim ''H''<sup>2</sup>(O(D))). | |||
The difference between the two sides of this inequality was called the '''superabundance''' ''s'' of the divisor ''D''. | |||
Comparing this inequality with the sheaf-theoretic version of the Riemann–Roch theorem shows that the superabundance of ''D'' is given by ''s'' = dim ''H''<sup>1</sup>(O(''D'')). The divisor ''D'' was called '''regular''' if ''i'' = ''s'' = 0 (or in other words if all higher cohomology groups of O(''D'') vanish) and '''superabundant''' if ''s'' > 0. | |||
==References== | |||
* ''Topological Methods in Algebraic Geometry'' by Friedrich Hirzebruch ISBN 3-540-58663-6 | |||
*{{Citation | last1=Zariski | first1=Oscar | author1-link=Oscar Zariski | title=Algebraic surfaces | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | series=Classics in Mathematics | isbn=978-3-540-58658-6 | id={{MathSciNet | id = 1336146}} | year=1995}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Riemann-Roch theorem for surfaces}} | |||
[[Category:Theorems in algebraic geometry]] | |||
[[Category:Algebraic surfaces]] | |||
[[Category:Topological methods of algebraic geometry]] | |||
Revision as of 15:35, 23 March 2013
In mathematics, the Riemann–Roch theorem for surfaces describes the dimension of linear systems on an algebraic surface. The classical form of it was first given by Template:Harvs, after preliminary versions of it were found by Template:Harvtxt and Template:Harvtxt. The sheaf-theoretic version is due to Hirzebruch.
Statement
One form of the Riemann–Roch theorem states that if D is a divisor on a non-singular projective surface then
where χ is the holomorphic Euler characteristic, the dot . is the intersection number, and K is the canonical divisor. The constant χ(0) is the holomorphic Euler characteristic of the trivial bundle, and is equal to 1 + pa, where pa is the arithmetic genus of the surface. For comparison, the Riemann–Roch theorem for a curve states that χ(D) = χ(0) + deg(D).
Noether's formula
Noether's formula states that
where χ=χ(0) is the holomorphic Euler characteristic, c12 = (K.K) is a Chern number and the self-intersection number of the canonical class K, and e = c2 is the topological Euler characteristic. It can be used to replace the term χ(0) in the Riemann–Roch theorem with topological terms; this gives the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem for surfaces.
Relation to the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem
For surfaces, the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem is essentially the Riemann–Roch theorem for surfaces combined with the Noether formula. To see this, recall that for each divisor D on a surface there is an invertible sheaf L = O(D) such that the linear system of D is more or less the space of sections of L. For surfaces the Todd class is , and the Chern character of the sheaf L is just , so the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem states that
Fortunately this can be written in a clearer form as follows. First putting D = 0 shows that
For invertible sheaves (line bundles) the second Chern class vanishes. The products of second cohomology classes can be identified with intersection numbers in the Picard group, and we get a more classical version of Riemann Roch for surfaces:
If we want, we can use Serre duality to express h2(O(D)) as h0(O(K − D)), but unlike the case of curves there is in general no easy way to write the h1(O(D)) term in a form not involving sheaf cohomology (although in practice it often vanishes).
Early versions
The earliest forms of the Riemann–Roch theorem for surfaces were often stated as an inequality rather than an equality, because there was no direct geometric description of first cohomology groups. A typical example is given by Template:Harvtxt, which states that
where
- r is the dimension of the complete linear system |D| of a divisor D (so r = h0(O(D)) −1)
- n is the virtual degree of D, given by the self-intersection number (D.D)
- π is the virtual genus of D, equal to 1 + (D.D + K)/2
- pa is the arithmetic genus χ(OF) − 1 of the surface
- i is the index of speciality of D, equal to dim H0(O(K − D)) (which by Serre duality is the same as dim H2(O(D))).
The difference between the two sides of this inequality was called the superabundance s of the divisor D. Comparing this inequality with the sheaf-theoretic version of the Riemann–Roch theorem shows that the superabundance of D is given by s = dim H1(O(D)). The divisor D was called regular if i = s = 0 (or in other words if all higher cohomology groups of O(D) vanish) and superabundant if s > 0.
References
- Topological Methods in Algebraic Geometry by Friedrich Hirzebruch ISBN 3-540-58663-6
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