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In [[mathematics]], an '''Artin ''L''-function''' is a type of [[Dirichlet series]] associated to a [[linear representation]] ρ of a [[Galois group]] ''G''. These functions were introduced in the 1923 by [[Emil Artin]], in connection with his research into [[class field theory]]. Their fundamental properties, in particular the '''Artin conjecture''' described below,  have turned out to be resistant to easy proof. One of the aims of proposed [[non-abelian class field theory]] is to incorporate the complex-analytic nature of Artin ''L''-functions into a larger framework, such as is provided by [[automorphic form]]s and [[Langlands' philosophy]]. So far, only a small part of such a theory has been put on a firm basis.
 
==Definition==
Given <math> \rho </math>, a representation of <math>G</math> on a finite-dimensional complex vector space <math>V</math>, where <math>G</math> is the Galois group of the [[finite extension]] <math>L/K</math> of number fields, the Artin <math>L</math>-function: <math>L(\rho,s) </math> is defined by an [[Euler product]]. For each [[prime ideal]] <math> \mathfrak P </math> in <math>L</math>'s [[ring of integers]], there is an Euler factor, which is easiest to define in the case where <math> \mathfrak P </math> is [[unramified]] in <math> L </math> (true for [[almost all]] <math> \mathfrak P </math>). In that case, the [[Frobenius element]] <math> \mathbf{Frob} (\mathfrak P) </math> is defined as a [[conjugacy class]] in <math>G</math>. Therefore the [[characteristic polynomial]] of  <math> \rho( \mathbf{Frob} (\mathfrak{P})) </math> is well-defined. The Euler factor for <math> \mathfrak{P} </math> is a slight modification of the characteristic polynomial, equally well-defined,
 
:<math> \operatorname{charpoly}(\rho(\mathbf{Frob}(\mathfrak{P})))^{-1}
= \operatorname{det} \left [ I - t \rho( \mathbf{Frob}( \mathfrak{P})) \right ]^{-1}, </math>
 
as [[rational function]] in ''t'', evaluated at <math> t = N (\mathfrak{P})^{-s} </math>, with <math>s</math> a complex variable in the usual [[Riemann zeta function]] notation. (Here ''N'' is the [[field norm]] of an ideal.)
 
When <math> \mathfrak{P} </math> is ramified, and ''I'' is the [[inertia group]] which is a subgroup of ''G'', a similar construction is applied, but to the subspace of ''V'' fixed (pointwise) by ''I''.<ref group="note">It is arguable more correct to think instead about the [[coinvariant]]s, the largest [[quotient space]] fixed by ''I'', rather than the invariants, but the result here will be the same. Cf. [[Hasse–Weil L-function]] for a similar situation.</ref>
 
The Artin L-function <math>L(\rho,s) </math> is then the infinite product over all prime ideals <math> \mathfrak{P} </math> of these factors. As [[Artin reciprocity]] shows, when ''G'' is an [[abelian group]] these ''L''-functions have a second description (as [[Dirichlet L-function|Dirichlet ''L''-function]]s when ''K'' is the [[rational number]] field, and as [[Hecke character|Hecke ''L''-function]]s in general). Novelty comes in with [[abelian group|non-abelian]] ''G'' and their representations.
 
One application is to give factorisations of [[Dedekind zeta function|Dedekind zeta-function]]s, for example in the case of a number field that is Galois over the rational numbers. In accordance with the decomposition of the [[regular representation]] into [[irreducible representation]]s, such a zeta-function splits into a product of Artin ''L''-functions, for each irreducible representation of ''G''. For example, the simplest case is when ''G'' is the [[symmetric group]] on three letters. Since ''G'' has an irreducible representation of degree 2, an Artin ''L''-function for such a representation occurs, squared, in the factorisation of the Dedekind zeta-function for such a number field, in a product with the Riemann zeta-function (for the [[trivial representation]]) and an ''L''-function of Dirichlet's type for the signature representation.
 
==Functional equation==
Artin L-functions satisfy a [[functional equation (L-function)|functional equation]]. The function ''L''(ρ,''s'') is related in its values to ''L''(ρ*, 1 &minus; ''s''), where ρ* denotes the [[complex conjugate representation]]. More precisely ''L'' is replaced by Λ(ρ, ''s''), which is ''L'' multiplied by certain [[gamma factor]]s, and then there is an equation of meromorphic functions
 
:&Lambda;(&rho;, ''s'') = ''W''(&rho;)&Lambda;(&rho;*, 1 &minus; ''s'')
 
with a certain complex number ''W''(ρ) of absolute value 1. It is the '''Artin root number'''. It has been studied deeply with respect to two types of properties. Firstly Langlands and Deligne established a factorisation into [[Langlands–Deligne local constant]]s; this is significant in relation to conjectural relationships to [[automorphic representation]]s. Also the case of ρ and ρ* being [[equivalent representation]]s is exactly the one in which the functional equation has the same L-function on each side. It is, algebraically speaking, the case when ρ is a [[real representation]] or [[quaternionic representation]]. The Artin root number is, then, either +1 or −1. The question of which sign occurs is linked to [[Galois module]] theory {{harv|Perlis|2001}}.
 
==The Artin conjecture==
The '''Artin conjecture''' on Artin L-functions states that the Artin L-function L(ρ,''s'') of a non-trivial irreducible representation ρ is analytic in the whole complex plane.<ref name=Mar18>Martinet (1977) p.18</ref>
 
This is known for one-dimensional representations, the L-functions being then associated to [[Hecke character]]s &mdash; and in particular for [[Dirichlet L-function]]s.<ref name=Mar18/>  More generally Artin showed that the Artin conjecture is true for all representations induced from 1-dimensional representations. If the Galois group is [[supersolvable]] then all representations are of this form so the Artin conjecture holds.
 
[[André Weil]] proved the Artin conjecture in the case of function fields.
 
Two dimensional representations are classified by the nature of the image subgroup: it may be cyclic, dihedral, tetrahedral, octahedral, or icosahedral. The Artin conjecture for the cyclic or dihedral case follows easily from [[Hecke]]'s work. Langlands used the [[base change lifting]] to prove  the tetrahedral case, and Tunnell extended his work to cover the octahedral case;  Wiles used these cases in his proof of the [[Taniyama–Shimura conjecture]]. [[Richard Taylor (mathematician)|Richard Taylor]] and others have made some progress on the (non-solvable) icosahedral case; this is an active area of research.
 
[[Brauer's theorem on induced characters]] implies that all Artin L-functions are  products of positive and negative integral powers of Hecke L-functions, and are therefore [[meromorphic]] in the whole complex plane.
 
{{harvtxt|Langlands|1970}} pointed out that the Artin conjecture  follows from strong enough results from the [[Langlands philosophy]], relating to the L-functions associated to [[automorphic representation]]s for [[GL(n)]] for all <math> n \geq 1 </math>. More precisely, the Langlands conjectures associate an automorphic representation of the [[adelic group]] GL<sub>n</sub>(''A''<sub>'''Q'''</sub>)  to every ''n''-dimensional irreducible representation of the Galois group, which is a [[cuspidal representation]] if the Galois representation is irreducible, such that the Artin L-function of the Galois representation is the same as the automorphic L-function of the automorphic representation. The Artin conjecture then follows immediately from the known fact that the L-functions of cuspidal automorphic representations are holomorphic. This was one of the major motivations for Langlands' work.
 
==See also==
*[[Equivariant L-function]]
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{Cite journal |first=E. |last=Artin |title={{lang|de|Über eine neue Art von L Reihen}} |journal=Hamb. Math. Abh. |volume=3 |year=1923 }} Reprinted in his collected works, ISBN 0-387-90686-X. English translation in [http://www.math.columbia.edu/~nsnyder Artin L-Functions: A Historical Approach] by N. Snyder.
*{{Citation | last1=Artin | first1=Emil | author1-link=Emil Artin | title=Zur Theorie der L-Reihen mit allgemeinen Gruppencharakteren. | language=German | doi=10.1007/BF02941010 | id={{JFM|56.0173.02}} | year=1930 | journal=Abhandlungen Hamburg | volume=8 | pages=292–306}}
*{{Cite journal |doi=10.1090/S0273-0979-1981-14936-3 |last=Tunnell |first=Jerrold |title=Artin's conjecture for representations of octahedral type |journal=Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. |series=N. S. |volume=5 |year=1981 |issue=2 |pages=173–175 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Gelbart |first=Stephen |chapter=Automorphic forms and Artin's conjecture |title=Modular functions of one variable, VI (Proc. Second Internat. Conf., Univ. Bonn., Bonn, 1976) |pages=241–276 |series=Lecture Notes in Math. |volume=627 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |year=1977 }}
*{{citation|last=Langlands|first=Robert|title=Letter to Prof. Weil|year=1967|url=http://publications.ias.edu/rpl/section/21}}
*{{Citation | last1=Langlands | first1=R. P. | title=Lectures in modern analysis and applications, III | url=http://publications.ias.edu/rpl/section/21 | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | series= Lecture Notes in Math | isbn=978-3-540-05284-5 | doi=10.1007/BFb0079065 | mr=0302614 | year=1970 | volume=170 | chapter=Problems in the theory of automorphic forms | pages=18–61}}
*{{citation | last=Martinet | first=J. | chapter=Character theory and Artin L-functions | pages=1-87 | title=Algebraic Number Fields, Proc. Symp. London Math. Soc., Univ. Durham 1975 | editor1-last=Fröhlich | editor1-first=A. | editor1-link=Albrecht Fröhlich | publisher=Academic Press | year=1977 | isbn=0-12-268960-7 | zbl=0359.12015 }}
 
==External links==
*{{Springer|first=R.|last= Perlis|id=a/a120270|title=Artin root numbers}}
 
{{L-functions-footer}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Artin L-Function}}
[[Category:Zeta and L-functions]]
[[Category:Class field theory]]

Revision as of 20:12, 7 December 2013

In mathematics, an Artin L-function is a type of Dirichlet series associated to a linear representation ρ of a Galois group G. These functions were introduced in the 1923 by Emil Artin, in connection with his research into class field theory. Their fundamental properties, in particular the Artin conjecture described below, have turned out to be resistant to easy proof. One of the aims of proposed non-abelian class field theory is to incorporate the complex-analytic nature of Artin L-functions into a larger framework, such as is provided by automorphic forms and Langlands' philosophy. So far, only a small part of such a theory has been put on a firm basis.

Definition

Given , a representation of on a finite-dimensional complex vector space , where is the Galois group of the finite extension of number fields, the Artin -function: is defined by an Euler product. For each prime ideal in 's ring of integers, there is an Euler factor, which is easiest to define in the case where is unramified in (true for almost all ). In that case, the Frobenius element is defined as a conjugacy class in . Therefore the characteristic polynomial of is well-defined. The Euler factor for is a slight modification of the characteristic polynomial, equally well-defined,

as rational function in t, evaluated at , with a complex variable in the usual Riemann zeta function notation. (Here N is the field norm of an ideal.)

When is ramified, and I is the inertia group which is a subgroup of G, a similar construction is applied, but to the subspace of V fixed (pointwise) by I.[note 1]

The Artin L-function is then the infinite product over all prime ideals of these factors. As Artin reciprocity shows, when G is an abelian group these L-functions have a second description (as Dirichlet L-functions when K is the rational number field, and as Hecke L-functions in general). Novelty comes in with non-abelian G and their representations.

One application is to give factorisations of Dedekind zeta-functions, for example in the case of a number field that is Galois over the rational numbers. In accordance with the decomposition of the regular representation into irreducible representations, such a zeta-function splits into a product of Artin L-functions, for each irreducible representation of G. For example, the simplest case is when G is the symmetric group on three letters. Since G has an irreducible representation of degree 2, an Artin L-function for such a representation occurs, squared, in the factorisation of the Dedekind zeta-function for such a number field, in a product with the Riemann zeta-function (for the trivial representation) and an L-function of Dirichlet's type for the signature representation.

Functional equation

Artin L-functions satisfy a functional equation. The function L(ρ,s) is related in its values to L(ρ*, 1 − s), where ρ* denotes the complex conjugate representation. More precisely L is replaced by Λ(ρ, s), which is L multiplied by certain gamma factors, and then there is an equation of meromorphic functions

Λ(ρ, s) = W(ρ)Λ(ρ*, 1 − s)

with a certain complex number W(ρ) of absolute value 1. It is the Artin root number. It has been studied deeply with respect to two types of properties. Firstly Langlands and Deligne established a factorisation into Langlands–Deligne local constants; this is significant in relation to conjectural relationships to automorphic representations. Also the case of ρ and ρ* being equivalent representations is exactly the one in which the functional equation has the same L-function on each side. It is, algebraically speaking, the case when ρ is a real representation or quaternionic representation. The Artin root number is, then, either +1 or −1. The question of which sign occurs is linked to Galois module theory Template:Harv.

The Artin conjecture

The Artin conjecture on Artin L-functions states that the Artin L-function L(ρ,s) of a non-trivial irreducible representation ρ is analytic in the whole complex plane.[1]

This is known for one-dimensional representations, the L-functions being then associated to Hecke characters — and in particular for Dirichlet L-functions.[1] More generally Artin showed that the Artin conjecture is true for all representations induced from 1-dimensional representations. If the Galois group is supersolvable then all representations are of this form so the Artin conjecture holds.

André Weil proved the Artin conjecture in the case of function fields.

Two dimensional representations are classified by the nature of the image subgroup: it may be cyclic, dihedral, tetrahedral, octahedral, or icosahedral. The Artin conjecture for the cyclic or dihedral case follows easily from Hecke's work. Langlands used the base change lifting to prove the tetrahedral case, and Tunnell extended his work to cover the octahedral case; Wiles used these cases in his proof of the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture. Richard Taylor and others have made some progress on the (non-solvable) icosahedral case; this is an active area of research.

Brauer's theorem on induced characters implies that all Artin L-functions are products of positive and negative integral powers of Hecke L-functions, and are therefore meromorphic in the whole complex plane.

Template:Harvtxt pointed out that the Artin conjecture follows from strong enough results from the Langlands philosophy, relating to the L-functions associated to automorphic representations for GL(n) for all . More precisely, the Langlands conjectures associate an automorphic representation of the adelic group GLn(AQ) to every n-dimensional irreducible representation of the Galois group, which is a cuspidal representation if the Galois representation is irreducible, such that the Artin L-function of the Galois representation is the same as the automorphic L-function of the automorphic representation. The Artin conjecture then follows immediately from the known fact that the L-functions of cuspidal automorphic representations are holomorphic. This was one of the major motivations for Langlands' work.

See also

Notes

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References

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    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010

External links

  • Other Sports Official Kull from Drumheller, has hobbies such as telescopes, property developers in singapore and crocheting. Identified some interesting places having spent 4 months at Saloum Delta.

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  1. 1.0 1.1 Martinet (1977) p.18