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my page - www.hostgator1centcoupon.info Carbon (C) has 15 known isotopes, from ⁸C to ²²C, 2 of which (¹²C and ¹³C) are stable. The longest-lived radioisotope is ¹⁴C, with a half-life of 5,700 years. This is also the only carbon radioisotope found in nature - trace quantities are formed cosmogenically by the reaction ¹⁴N + ¹n → ¹⁴C + ¹H. The most stable artificial radioisotope is ¹¹C, which has a half-life of 20.334 minutes. All other radioisotopes have half-lives under 20 seconds, most less than 200 milliseconds. The least stable isotope is ⁸C, with a half-life of 2.0 x 10⁻²¹ s. Averaging over natural abundances, the standard atomic mass for carbon is 12.0107(8) u.

Carbon-11

Carbon-11 or ¹¹C is a radioactive isotope of carbon that decays to boron-11. This decay mainly occurs due to positron emission; however, around 0.19-0.23% of the time, it is a result of electron capture. It has a half-life of 20.334 minutes.

Template:SimpleNuclide → Template:SimpleNuclide + Template:SubatomicParticle + Template:SubatomicParticle + Template:Val

Template:SimpleNuclide + Template:SubatomicParticle → Template:SimpleNuclide + Template:SubatomicParticle + Template:Val

Carbon-11 is commonly used as a radioisotope for the radioactive labeling of molecules in positron emission tomography. Among the many molecules used in this context is the radioligand [[DASB|[[[:Template:SimpleNuclide]]]DASB]].

Natural isotopes

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. There are three naturally occurring isotopes of carbon: 12, 13, and 14. ¹²C and ¹³C are stable, occurring in a natural proportion of approximately 99:1. ¹⁴C is produced by thermal neutrons from cosmic radiation in the upper atmosphere, and is transported down to earth to be absorbed by living biological material. Isotopically, ¹⁴C constitutes a negligible part; but, since it is radioactive with a half-life of 5,700 years, it is radiometrically detectable. Since dead tissue doesn't absorb ¹⁴C, the amount of ¹⁴C is one of the methods used within the field of archeology for radiometric dating of biological material.

Paleoclimate

¹²C and ¹³C are measured as the isotope ratio δ¹³C in benthic foraminifera and used as a proxy for nutrient cycling and the temperature dependent air-sea exchange of CO₂ (ventilation) (Lynch-Stieglitz et al., 1995). Plants find it easier to use the lighter isotopes (¹²C) when they convert sunlight and carbon dioxide into food. So, for example, large blooms of plankton (free-floating organisms) absorb large amounts of ¹²C from the oceans. Originally, the ¹²C was mostly incorporated into the seawater from the atmosphere. If the oceans that the plankton live in are stratified (meaning that there are layers of warm water near the top, and colder water deeper down), then the surface water does not mix very much with the deeper waters, so that when the plankton dies, it sinks and takes away ¹²C from the surface, leaving the surface layers relatively rich in ¹³C. Where cold waters well up from the depths (such as in the North Atlantic), the water carries ¹²C back up with it. So, when the ocean was less stratified than today, there was much more ¹²C in the skeletons of surface-dwelling species. Other indicators of past climate include the presence of tropical species, coral growths rings, etc.

Tracing food sources and diets

The quantities of the different isotopes can be measured by mass spectrometry and compared to a standard; the result (e.g. the delta of the ¹³C = δ¹³C) is expressed as parts per thousand (‰).

${\delta }^{13}C=(\frac{(\frac{{}^{13}C}{{}^{12}C}{)}_{sample}}{(\frac{{}^{13}C}{{}^{12}C}{)}_{standard}}-1)*1000{}^o/{}_{oo}$

Stable carbon isotopes in carbon dioxide are utilized differentially by plants during photosynthesis. Grasses in temperate climates (barley, rice, wheat, rye and oats, plus sunflower, potato, tomatoes, peanuts, cotton, sugar beet, and most trees and their nuts/fruits, roses and Kentucky bluegrass) follow a C3 photosynthetic pathway that will yield δ¹³C values averaging about −26.5‰. Grasses in hot arid climates (maize in particular, but also millet, sorghum, sugar cane and crabgrass) follow a C4 photosynthetic pathway that produces δ¹³C values averaging about −12.5‰.

It follows that eating these different plants will affect the δ¹³C values in the consumer’s body tissues. If an animal (or human) eats only C3 plants, their δ¹³C values will be −12.5‰ in their bone collagen and −14.5‰ in their apatite.

In contrast, C4 feeders will have bone collagen with a value of −7.5‰ and apatite value of −0.5‰.

In actual case studies, millet and maize eaters can easily be distinguished from rice and wheat eaters. Studying how these dietary preferences are distributed geographically through time can illuminate migration paths of people and dispersal paths of different agricultural crops. However, human groups have often mixed C3 and C4 plants (northern Chinese historically subsisted on wheat and millet), or mixed plant and animal groups together (for example, southeastern Chinese subsisting on rice and fish).

Table

nuclide symbol	Z(p)	N(n)	isotopic mass (u)	half-life	decay mode(s)	daughter isotope(s)	nuclear spin	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	range of natural variation (mole fraction)
8C	6	2	8.037675(25)	2.0(4) × 10−21 s [230(50) keV]	2p	Template:SimpleNuclide	0+
9C	6	3	9.0310367(23)	126.5(9) ms	β+ (60%)	Template:SimpleNuclide	(3/2-)
					β+, p (23%)	Template:SimpleNuclide
					β+, α (17%)	Template:SimpleNuclide
10C	6	4	10.0168532(4)	19.290(12) s	β+	Template:SimpleNuclide	0+
11C	6	5	11.0114336(10)	20.334(24) min	β+ (99.79%)	Template:SimpleNuclide	3/2-
					K-capture (.21%)	Template:SimpleNuclide
12C	6	6	12 exactly	Stable			0+	0.9893(8)	0.98853-0.99037
13C	6	7	13.0033548378(10)	Stable			1/2-	0.0107(8)	0.00963-0.01147
14C	6	8	14.003241989(4)	5,730 years	β−	Template:SimpleNuclide	0+	Trace	<10−12
15C	6	9	15.0105993(9)	2.449(5) s	β−	Template:SimpleNuclide	1/2+
16C	6	10	16.014701(4)	0.747(8) s	β−, n (97.9%)	Template:SimpleNuclide	0+
					β− (2.1%)	Template:SimpleNuclide
17C	6	11	17.022586(19)	193(5) ms	β− (71.59%)	Template:SimpleNuclide	(3/2+)
					β−, n (28.41%)	Template:SimpleNuclide
18C	6	12	18.02676(3)	92(2) ms	β− (68.5%)	Template:SimpleNuclide	0+
					β−, n (31.5%)	Template:SimpleNuclide
19C	6	13	19.03481(11)	46.2(23) ms	β−, n (47.0%)	Template:SimpleNuclide	(1/2+)
					β− (46.0%)	Template:SimpleNuclide
					β−, 2n (7%)	Template:SimpleNuclide
20C	6	14	20.04032(26)	16(3) ms [14(+6-5) ms]	β−, n (72.0%)	Template:SimpleNuclide	0+
					β− (28.0%)	Template:SimpleNuclide
21C	6	15	21.04934(54)#	<30 ns	n	Template:SimpleNuclide	(1/2+)#
22C	6	16	22.05720(97)#	6.2(13) ms [6.1(+14-12) ms]	β−	Template:SimpleNuclide	0+

Notes

• The precision of the isotope abundances and atomic mass is limited through variations. The given ranges should be applicable to any normal terrestrial material.
• Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
• Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
• Carbon-12 nuclide is of particular importance as it is used as the standard from which atomic masses of all nuclides are expressed: its atomic mass is by definition 12 Da.
• Nuclide masses are given by IUPAP Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (SUNAMCO).
• Isotope abundances are given by IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights.

See also

• radiocarbon dating
• Cosmogenic isotopes
• Environmental isotopes
• Isotopic signature

References

• Isotope masses from:
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• Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
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    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
    
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• Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
    
    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
    
    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
    
    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
    
    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
    
    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
    
    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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