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[[File:Ibn Sahl manuscript.jpg|thumbnail|275px|Reproduction of a page of Ibn Sahl's manuscript showing his discovery of the law of refraction (from Rashed, 1990).]] | |||
[[File:Ibn Sahl.svg|right|thumb|275px|Interpretation of Ibn Sahl's construction. If the ratio of lengths <math>L_1/L_2</math> is kept equal to <math>n_1/n_2</math> then the rays satisfy the law of sines, or Snell's law.]] | |||
{{about|the physicist|the physician|Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari|the poet|Ibn Sahl of Sevilla}} | |||
'''Ibn Sahl''' ({{lang-ar|ابن سهل}}) ('''Abu Saʿd al-ʿAlaʾ ibn Sahl ''') ({{lang-ar|أبو سعد العلاء ابن سهل}}) (c. 940–1000) was a [[Muslim]] [[Persia|Persian]] [[Islamic mathematics|mathematician]], [[Islamic physics|physicist]] and [[optics]] [[Inventions in the Islamic world|engineer]] of the [[Islamic Golden Age]] associated with the [[Abbasid]] court of [[Baghdad]]. Ibn Sahl's 984<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zghal|first=Mourad|coauthors=''et al.''|date=2007|title=The first steps for learning optics: Ibn Sahl's, Al- Haytham's and Young's works on refraction as typical examples|journal=The Education and Training in Optics and Photonics Conference|publisher=International Commission for Optics|pages=3|url=http://spie.org/etop/2007/etop07fundamentalsII.pdf|accessdate=20 June 2011}}</ref> treatise ''On Burning Mirrors and Lenses'' sets out his understanding of how [[curved mirror]]s and [[lens (optics)|lenses]] bend and focus light. Ibn Sahl is credited with first discovering the law of [[refraction]], usually called [[Snell's law]].<ref>K. B. Wolf, "Geometry and dynamics in refracting systems", ''European Journal of Physics'' '''16''', p. 14-20, 1995.</ref><ref name=rashed90>R. Rashed, "A pioneer in anaclastics: Ibn Sahl on burning mirrors and lenses", ''[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]'' '''81''', p. 464–491, 1990.</ref> He used the law of refraction to derive lens shapes that focus light with no geometric aberrations, known as [[anaclastic lens]]es. | |||
In the reproduction of the figure from Ibn Sahl's manuscript, the critical part is the right-angled [[triangle]]. The inner [[hypotenuse]] shows the path of an [[incident ray]] and the outer hypotenuse shows an extension of the path of the [[refracted ray]] if the incident ray met a [[crystal]] whose face is vertical at the point where the two hypotenuses intersect.<ref>Kurt Bernardo Wolf, ''Geometric Optics on Phase Space'', p. 9, Springer, 2004, ISBN 3-540-22039-9 [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN3540220399&id=KmpCDg-D39gC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&ots=NJM71aAIlg&dq=%22ibn+sahl%22&sig=USHa-lMN4NCsoQrr5qNM0_4fr1A#PPA9,M1 online]</ref> According to Roshdi Rashed,<ref name=rashed90/> an author and historian of medieval science and mathematics, the ratio of the length of the smaller hypotenuse to the larger is the [[Multiplicative inverse|reciprocal]] of the [[refractive index]] of the crystal. | |||
The lower part of the figure shows a representation of a [[plano-convex lens]] (at the right) and its [[Optical axis|principal axis]] (the intersecting horizontal line). The curvature of the convex part of the lens brings all rays parallel to the horizontal axis (and approaching the lens from the right) to a [[Focus (optics)|focal point]] on the axis at the left. | |||
In the remaining parts of the treatise, Ibn Sahl dealt with [[parabolic mirror]]s, [[ellipsoidal mirror]]s, [[biconvex lens]]es, and techniques for drawing [[hyperbolic arc]]s. | |||
Ibn Sahl's treatise was used by [[Ibn al-Haitham]] (965–1039), one of the greatest Arab scholars of optics. In modern times, Rashed found the text to have been dispersed in manuscripts in two different libraries, one in Teheran, and the other in Damascus. He reassembled the surviving portions, translated and published them.<ref>Rashed, R., ''Géométrie et dioptrique au Xe siècle: Ibn Sahl, al-Quhi et Ibn al-Haytham.'' Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1993.</ref> | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[History of optics]] | |||
*[[Islamic science]] | |||
*[[List of Persian scientists and scholars]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
==External links== | |||
*{{cite encyclopedia | editor=Thomas Hockey et al | last=Berggren | first=Len | title=Ibn Sahl: Abū Saʿd al‐ʿAlāʾ ibn Sahl | encyclopedia=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers | publisher=Springer | year=2007 | location=New York | page=567 | url=http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Sahl_BEA.htm | isbn=978-0-387-31022-0}} ([http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Sahl_BEA.pdf PDF version]) | |||
*[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001412/141236E.pdf The Miracle of Light – a UNESCO article on the history of optics] | |||
{{Islamic mathematics}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahl}} | |||
[[Category:Medieval Persian mathematicians]] | |||
[[Category:Medieval Iraqi mathematicians]] | |||
[[Category:10th-century mathematicians]] | |||
[[Category:Mathematicians of medieval Islam]] | |||
[[Category:Medieval physicists]] | |||
[[Category:10th-century Iranian people]] | |||
Latest revision as of 13:36, 4 September 2012
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There are numerous ways I may also help you discover and purchase or rent your dream property successfully. I view the shopping for / renting course of as a critical partnership which involves dedication and communication. To help me understand and cater to your wants, tell me extra about your self and what you are looking for in my Buying or Renting Enquiries kinds. Make a comparative research of your Property so that a marketing value will be estimated primarily based on current related transactions and at the moment competing properties. Have pictures taken of the Property for marketing and promotional use. Contact you repeatedly to report on the marketing progress of your Property. Serviced condo operations and management companies bedroom condominium with far reaching views Serviced Flats
There are oncompetitive.com lots of methods I can assist you find and purchase or hire your dream property efficiently. I view the buying/renting course of as a essential partnership which involves dedication and communication. Deciding on the suitable location is very important and it'll determine the comfort for you household and your self. Worth - budgeting your self may even consider that are the areas and apartments or houses which might be suitable for you. Refer to our Home Hunt Information for more details and tips. Properties that do not fall inside the definition of residential properties stated above are non-residential properties Real estate agents perform the role of matching events to a transaction and thereby help to make the market extra environment friendly. Deciding on an Real Property Agent
Incidentally, since asking rents are negotiable, expats can use their bargaining expertise. Retaining in thoughts that rental tenures in Singapore are typically for one or two years, an expat can use this reality in their favour in negotiations. This also applies to asking for a month's price of free lease in lieu of a lower hire. If the owner is not budging from the rent at all, most of the time he will conform to a month's value of free lease, because this fashion he gets to "keep face".
Learn your contracts fastidiously. In nearly all circumstances, brokers would have sneakily included a clause within the contract to have the landlord pay them commission once more if the lease is extended, even when the agent was not current at the extension of the lease. They'd undoubtedly inform you that's is legally binding; afterall the contract has been legally stamped. In case you are stuck in such a state of affairs and feel that a commission for the agent is completely unwarranted for, we might help you out. Drop us an e-mail on the contact page.
Some landlords split up the rental amount into A. rental of premises, B. rental of furniture/fittings/and so forth., C. upkeep fees. So, ensure that the rental amount that has been agreed on is in actual fact the ultimate tally, apart in fact from the separate objects talked about under. Prior to joining the IP career, Moo Kwang has extensive technical expertise in business. He held training analysis and improvement positions in quite a few outstanding non-public sector firms, akin to Philips and Inventive Applied sciences. His technical information and working expertise in industry function a solid basis in enabling him to supply sound commercial recommendation to shoppers in the licensing and transaction of IP. Asian Patent Attorneys Association (APAA)
Over the years, OrangeTee has expanded into every side of real property, and we've enabled our associates to direct their clients to optimum funding alternatives and help property homeowners to maximise the worth of their property. A partnership shall not keep it up a enterprise, practise or act as patent brokers until at the least one accomplice is a registered patent agent, or an advocate and solicitor, who has in drive a practising certificates. Her experience tremendously advantages her shoppers be it property sellers, patrons or tenants searching for an excellent place effectively. More information for our German clients please go to the German/Deutsch language data. He added that since these were merely guidelines, businesses and their brokers might not fall in line.) (c. 940–1000) was a Muslim Persian mathematician, physicist and optics engineer of the Islamic Golden Age associated with the Abbasid court of Baghdad. Ibn Sahl's 984[1] treatise On Burning Mirrors and Lenses sets out his understanding of how curved mirrors and lenses bend and focus light. Ibn Sahl is credited with first discovering the law of refraction, usually called Snell's law.[2][3] He used the law of refraction to derive lens shapes that focus light with no geometric aberrations, known as anaclastic lenses.
In the reproduction of the figure from Ibn Sahl's manuscript, the critical part is the right-angled triangle. The inner hypotenuse shows the path of an incident ray and the outer hypotenuse shows an extension of the path of the refracted ray if the incident ray met a crystal whose face is vertical at the point where the two hypotenuses intersect.[4] According to Roshdi Rashed,[3] an author and historian of medieval science and mathematics, the ratio of the length of the smaller hypotenuse to the larger is the reciprocal of the refractive index of the crystal.
The lower part of the figure shows a representation of a plano-convex lens (at the right) and its principal axis (the intersecting horizontal line). The curvature of the convex part of the lens brings all rays parallel to the horizontal axis (and approaching the lens from the right) to a focal point on the axis at the left.
In the remaining parts of the treatise, Ibn Sahl dealt with parabolic mirrors, ellipsoidal mirrors, biconvex lenses, and techniques for drawing hyperbolic arcs.
Ibn Sahl's treatise was used by Ibn al-Haitham (965–1039), one of the greatest Arab scholars of optics. In modern times, Rashed found the text to have been dispersed in manuscripts in two different libraries, one in Teheran, and the other in Damascus. He reassembled the surviving portions, translated and published them.[5]
See also
References
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- ↑ 3.0 3.1 R. Rashed, "A pioneer in anaclastics: Ibn Sahl on burning mirrors and lenses", Isis 81, p. 464–491, 1990.
- ↑ Kurt Bernardo Wolf, Geometric Optics on Phase Space, p. 9, Springer, 2004, ISBN 3-540-22039-9 online
- ↑ Rashed, R., Géométrie et dioptrique au Xe siècle: Ibn Sahl, al-Quhi et Ibn al-Haytham. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1993.