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| {{chembox
| | Nice to satisfy at home std test you, I am Marvella Shryock. Puerto Rico is where he's usually been at home [http://Stdfreeclinics.com/SYPHILIS.html std testing] living but she needs to transfer simply because of her family. Bookkeeping is my occupation. It's not a typical thing but what she likes performing is foundation leaping and now she is trying to home std test kit earn money with it.<br><br>Feel free to surf to my web page ... [http://santamariaschool.org/content/tips-about-how-overcome-candidiasis-easily santamariaschool.org] |
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| | ImageFile = Ammonium-persulfate.svg
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| | ImageName = Structural formulas of two ammonium cations and one peroxydisulfate anion
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| | ImageFile1 = Ammonium-persulfate-3D-balls-ionic.png
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| | ImageSize1 = 240px
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| | ImageName1 = Ball-and-stick models of two ammonium cations and one peroxydisulfate anion
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| | ImageFile2 = Peroxodisíran amonný.JPG
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| | ImageName2 = Solid sample of ammonium persulfate, as a white powder
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| | OtherNames = Ammonium peroxydisulfate
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| | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
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| | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
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| | UNII = 22QF6L357F
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| | InChI = 1/2H3N.H2O8S2/c;;1-9(2,3)7-8-10(4,5)6/h2*1H3;(H,1,2,3)(H,4,5,6)
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| | SMILES = O=S(=O)([O-])OOS([O-])(=O)=O.[NH4+].[NH4+]
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| | InChIKey = ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYAL
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| | SMILES1 = [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS(=O)(=O)[O-]
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| | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
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| | StdInChI = 1S/2H3N.H2O8S2/c;;1-9(2,3)7-8-10(4,5)6/h2*1H3;(H,1,2,3)(H,4,5,6)
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| | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
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| | StdInChIKey = ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| | CASNo = 7727-54-0
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| | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
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| | EINECS = 231-786-5
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| | UNNumber = 1444
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| | RTECS = SE0350000
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| | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
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| | ChemSpiderID=56400
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| }}
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| | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
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| | Formula = (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>
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| | MolarMass = 228.18 g/mol
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| | Appearance = white to yellowish crystals
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| | Density = 1.98 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
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| | Solubility = 80 g/100 mL (25 °C)
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| | MeltingPt = 120 °C (393 K) decomp.
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| | pKa =
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| | pKb =
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| }}
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| | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
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| | MolShape =
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| | Coordination =
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| | CrystalStruct =
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| | Dipole =
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| }}
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| | Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
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| | ExternalMSDS = [http://hazard.com/msds/mf/baker/baker/files/a6096.htm External MSDS]
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| | EUIndex = 016-060-00-6
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| | EUClass = Oxidant ('''O''')<br/>Harmful ('''Xn''')<br/>Irritant ('''Xi''')
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| | RPhrases = {{R8}}, {{R22}}, {{R36/37/38}}, {{R42/43}}
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| | SPhrases = {{S2}}, {{S22}}, {{S24}}, {{S26}}, {{S37}}
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| | NFPA-H = 2
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| | NFPA-F = 0
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| | NFPA-R = 2
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| | NFPA-O = OX
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| | FlashPt =
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| | LD50 = 689 mg/kg, oral (rat)
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| }}
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| | Section8 = {{Chembox Related
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| | OtherAnions = [[Ammonium thiosulfate]]<br/>[[Ammonium sulfite]]<br/>[[Ammonium sulfate]]
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| | OtherCations = [[Sodium persulfate]]<br/>[[Potassium persulfate]]
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| | OtherCpds =
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| }}
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| }}
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| '''Ammonium persulfate (APS)''' is the [[inorganic compound]] with the formula (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>. It is a colourless (white) salt that is highly soluble in water, much more so than the related potassium salt. It is a strong [[oxidizing agent]] that is used in [[polymer chemistry]], as an [[etchant]], and as a cleaning and [[bleaching agent]].
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| The dissolution of the salt in water is endothermic.
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| ==Preparation==
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| Ammonium persulfate is prepared by [[electrolysis]] of a cold concentrated solution [[ammonium sulfate]] in [[sulfuric acid]] at a high current density.<ref name=Brauer>F. Feher, "Potassium Peroxydisulfate" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 390.</ref> The method was first described by H. Marshall.<ref>{{cite journal | title = LXXIV. Contributions from the Chemical Laboratory of the University of Edinburgh. No. V. The persulphates | author = Hugh Marshall | journal = [[J. Chem. Soc., Trans.]] | year = 1891 | volume = 59 | pages = 771 | doi = 10.1039/CT8915900771}}</ref>
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| ==Uses==
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| As an oxidizer and a source of radicals, APS finds many commercial applications.
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| Salts of peroxydisulfate are mainly used as [[radical initiator]]s in the [[polymerization]] of certain [[alkene]]s. Commercially important polymers prepared using persulfates include [[styrene-butadiene rubber]] and [[polytetrafluoroethylene]]. In solution, the dianion dissociates to give radicals:<ref name = Ullmann>{{Ullmann | title = Peroxo Compounds, Inorganic | author = Harald Jakob, Stefan Leininger, Thomas Lehmann, Sylvia Jacobi, Sven Gutewort | doi = 10.1002/14356007.a19_177.pub2}}</ref>
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| :[O<sub>3</sub>SO-OSO<sub>3</sub>]<sup>2-</sup> <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math> 2 [SO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>-</sup>
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| The sulfate radical adds to the alkene to give a [[sulfate ester]] radical. It is also used along with [[tetramethylethylenediamine]] to catalyze the polymerization of [[acrylamide]] in making a [[polyacrylamide]] gel.
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| Illustrative of its powerful oxidizing properties, it is used to etch copper on [[printed circuit boards]] as an alternative to [[ferric chloride]] solution.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mgchemicals.com/products/410.html | publisher = MG Chemicals | title = Ammonium Persulphate: Copper Etchant}}</ref> This property was discovered many years ago. In 1908, John William Turrentine used a dilute ammonium persulfate solution to etch copper. Turrentine weighed copper spirals before placing the copper spirals into the ammonium persulfate solution for an hour. After an hour, the spirals were weighed again and the amount of copper dissolved by ammonium persulfate was recorded. This experiment was extended to other metals such as nickel, cadium, and iron, all of which yielded similar results. <ref>{{cite journal | title = Action of Ammonium Persulphate on Metals. | author = Turrentine, J. W. | journal = Journal of Physical Chemistry | year = 1908 | volume = 11 | pages = 623-631}}</ref>
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| Ammonium persulfate is the main component of Nochromix, a laboratory cleaning agent. On dissolving in [[sulfuric acid]], it is used to clean [[laboratory glassware]] as a metal-free alternative to [[chromic acid]] baths.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = [[Sigma-Aldrich]] | url = http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/SpecificationSheetPage/ALDRICH/328693 | title = Nochromix | accessdate = 2008-03-01}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> It is also a standard ingredient in [[western blot]] gels and [[hair bleach]].
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| Persulfates are used as oxidants in [[organic chemistry]].<ref>Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, vol. 1, pp. 193–197 (1995).</ref>
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| ==Safety==
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| Airborne dust may be irritating to [[human eye|eye]], [[Human nose|nose]], [[throat]], [[human lung|lung]] and [[Human skin|skin]] upon contact. Exposure to high levels of dust may cause difficulty in breathing.<ref>[http://msds.fmc.com/msds/100000010587-MSDS_US-E.pdf] FMC Corporation, MSDS sheet dated: 06/26/2009</ref>
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| It has been noted that persulfate salts are a major cause of asthmatic effects in women.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Ammonium persulfate can initiate an asthmatic response in mice. | author = De Vooght, V.; Jesus Cruz, M.; Haenen, S.; Wijnhoven, K.; Munoz, X.; Cruz, M.; Munoz, X.; Morell, F.; Nemery, B | journal = Thorax | year = 2010 | volume = 65 | pages = 252-257}}</ref> Furthermore, it has been suggested that exposure to ammonium persulfate can cause asthmatic effects in hair dressers and receptionists working in the hair dressing industry. These asthmatic affects are proposed to be caused by the oxidation of cysteine residues, as well as methionine residues.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Oxidative activity of ammonium persulfate salt on mast cells and basophils: implication in hairdressers' asthma. | author = Pignatti, P.; Frossi, B.; Pala, G.; Negri, S.; Oman, H.; Perfetti, L.; Pucillo, C.; Imbriani, M.; Moscato, G. | journal = Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. | year = 2013 | volume = 160 | pages = 409-419}}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| ==External links==
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| *[http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0632.htm International Chemical Safety Card 0632]
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| *[http://www.united-initiators.com]
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| {{E number infobox 920-929}}
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| [[Category:Persulfates]]
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| [[Category:Peroxides]]
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| [[Category:Ammonium compounds]]
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| [[Category:Oxidizing agents]]
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Nice to satisfy at home std test you, I am Marvella Shryock. Puerto Rico is where he's usually been at home std testing living but she needs to transfer simply because of her family. Bookkeeping is my occupation. It's not a typical thing but what she likes performing is foundation leaping and now she is trying to home std test kit earn money with it.
Feel free to surf to my web page ... santamariaschool.org