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{{about|the Australian public broadcaster|the service launched in 1956|ABC Television}}
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{{Use Australian English|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox broadcasting network
| name          = Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| logo          = [[File:Australian Broadcasting Corporation.svg|Australian Broadcasting Corporation logo|240px]]
| industry        = [[Mass media]]
| type            = [[Statutory corporation]]
| branding      =
|established    = 1 July 1932
|test card      =
|test of transmission = 
|airdate        =
|available      = Worldwide
|founded        =
|founder        =
|slogan        =
|motto          =
|market_share  =
|license_area  =
|headquarters  = ABC Ultimo Centre<br/>700 Harris Street <br/>Ultimo 2007, Sydney
|broadcast_area = Australia
|area          =
|erp            =
|owner          = [[Government of Australia]]
|parent        =
|key_people    = {{nowrap|[[James Spigelman]]<br/><small>(Chairman)</small>}}<br/>{{nowrap|[[Mark Scott (businessman)|Mark Scott]] <br/><small>(Managing Director)</small> }}
|employees = 4,500
|services = Radio, television, online
|Revenue = A$1.22 billion
|foundation    =
|launch_date    = 23 November 1923 (Radio)<br />5 November 1956 (Television)
|dissolved      =
|former_names  = [[Australian Broadcasting Company]] <small>(1929–1932)</small><br/>Australian Broadcasting Commission <small>(1932–1983)</small>
|servicename1  = Television
|service1      = [[ABC1]], [[ABC2]], [[ABC3]], [[ABC 4 Kids]], [[ABC News 24]]
|servicename2  = Radio
|service2      =
|servicename3  =
|service3      =
|servicename4  =
|service4      =
|digital        = Channel 2, 21
|picture format = [[576i]] ([[SDTV]]) <br /> [[1080i]] ([[HDTV]])
|callsigns      = ABC
|callsign_meaning = '''A'''ustralian <br /> '''B'''roadcasting <br /> '''C'''orporation
|former_callsigns =
|affiliation    =
|affiliates    =
|groups        =
|former_affiliations =
|website        =http://www.abc.net.au
|footnotes      =
 
}}
The '''Australian Broadcasting Corporation''' ('''ABC''') is Australia's national [[public broadcasting|public broadcaster]]. With a total annual budget of A$1.22&nbsp;billion,<ref name="budgetreport">Budget Paper No. 4 2012–2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013 "http://www.budget.gov.au/2012-13/content/bp4/html/bp4_ar_04_dbcde.htm"</ref> the corporation provides television, radio, online and mobile services throughout metropolitan and regional Australia, as well as overseas through the [[Australia Network]] and [[Radio Australia]].
 
Founded in 1929 as the [[Australian Broadcasting Company]], it was subsequently made a state-owned corporation on 1 July 1932, as the Australian Broadcasting Commission. The ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983''<ref name="abc-act83" /> changed the name of the organisation to the ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation'', effective 1 July 1983.<ref name="abc-act83" /> Although funded and owned by the government, the ABC remains [[editorial independence|editorially independent]] as ensured through the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983.<ref name="abc-act83" />
 
The ABC is sometimes informally referred to as "Aunty"<ref name="NewTeethForAunty">{{cite web |title=New Teeth for Aunty: Reinvigorating the National Broadcaster |url=http://www.themonthly.com.au/reinvigorating-national-broadcaster-new-teeth-aunty-robert-manne-749 |date=1 December 2007 | work=Monthly |author=Robert Manne|accessdate=7 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| title = Aunty celebrates 75th birthday in Townsville
| date = 16 July 2007
| url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/16/1979241.htm
| accessdate =24 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2012/06/28/3534787.htm|title=Why I love Aunty at 80|date=28 June 2012|accessdate=7 September 2012}}</ref> originally in imitation of the [[BBC]]'s nickname.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fabc.org.au/fabc/fabc_archive_data/background_briefing/bb104/bb4_9.html|title=Aunty, a personality of steady and solid conservatism |work=Background briefing 4 - Ken Inglis |publisher=Friends of the ABC |accessdate=29 October 2011}}</ref>
 
==History==
{{Main|History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}
 
===1920s–40s===
{{See also|Australian Broadcasting Company}}
[[File:ABC Mobile Studio Caravan.jpg|thumb|ABC mobile studio [[Travel trailer|caravan]], used for concerts presented by the ABC at army camps and other locations, 1940]]
 
The first public radio station in Australia opened in Sydney on 23 November 1923 under the call sign 2SB with other stations in Melbourne, [[Brisbane]], [[Adelaide]], [[Perth]] and [[Hobart]] following.<ref name="abcradio100">{{cite web
| title = Celebrating 100 Years of Radio – History of ABC Radio
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| url = http://abc.net.au/radio/celebrate100/history.htm
| accessdate =3 October 2007
}}</ref> A licensing scheme, administered by the [[Postmaster-General's Department]], was soon established allowing certain stations government funding, albeit with restrictions placed on their advertising content.<ref name="langdon95">{{cite web | year = 1996
| first = Jeff | last = Langdon | title = The History of Radio in Australia
| publisher = Radio 5UV| url = http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/13071/20040303-0000/www.acmi.net.au/AIC/RADIO_HIST_AUS.html | accessdate =16 May 2012}}</ref>
 
Following a 1927 [[royal commission]] inquiry into radio licensing issues, the government established the National Broadcasting Service which subsequently took over a number of the larger funded stations. It also nationalised the [[Australian Broadcasting Company]] which had been created by entertainment interests to supply programs to various radio stations.<ref name="langdon95" /> On 1 July 1932, the  Australian Broadcasting Commission was established, taking over the operations of the National Broadcasting Service and eventually establishing offices in each of Australia's capital cities.<ref name="langdon95" /><ref name=ABC010712>{{cite web |title=ABC celebrates 80 years of broadcasting|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date= (1 July 2012)|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-07-01/abc-celebrates-80-years/4103108
|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref>
 
[[File:ABC Perth.jpg|thumb|The ABC's [[Perth]] headquarters in 1937]]
Over the next four years the stations were reformed into a cohesive broadcasting organisation through regular program relays, coordinated by a centralised bureaucracy.<ref name="bcasthistory">{{cite web
| title = Australian Broadcast History
| work=Barry Mishkid
| url = http://www.oldradio.com/archives/international/austral.html
| accessdate =3 October 2007
| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20071025164910/http://www.oldradio.com/archives/international/austral.html| archivedate= 25 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> The Australian broadcast radio spectrum was constituted of the ABC and the commercial sector.<ref name="bcasthistory" />
 
In 1942 ''The Australian Broadcasting Act'' was passed, giving the ABC the power to decide when, and in what circumstances, political speeches should be broadcast.<ref name="abc-waryears">{{cite web
| title = About the ABC – The 40s – The War Years
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| url = http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist3.htm
| accessdate =1 October 2007
| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070914073935/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/history/hist3.htm| archivedate= 14 September 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Directions from the Minister about whether or not to broadcast any matter now had to be made in writing, and any exercise of the power had to be mentioned in the Commission's Annual Report.<ref name="abc-waryears" /> It was used only once, in 1963.<ref name="abc-waryears" /> In the same year, "Kindergarten of the Air" began on ABC Radio in Perth, and was later broadcast nationally.
 
===1950s–70s===
{{See also|ABC Television}}
[[File:The start of TV ABC.ogv|thumb|The first broadcast of ABC TV – presented by [[Michael Charlton]], 5 November 1956]]
[[File:Jamesdibble.jpg|thumb|[[James Dibble]], reading the first [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] bulletin in 1956]]
The ABC commenced television broadcasting in 1956, and followed the earlier radio practice of naming the station after the first letter of the base state. [[ABN-2]] (New South Wales) Sydney was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Robert Menzies]] on 5 November 1956, with the first broadcast presented by [[Michael Charlton]], and [[James Dibble]] reading the first television news bulletin.<ref>Australian Broadcasting Corporation, [http://www.abc.net.au/corp/history/galpost9.htm "About the ABC: History of the ABC: James Dibble"]. Retrieved 3 September 2008.</ref> [[ABV-2]] (Melbourne, Victoria) followed two weeks later, on 18 November 1956. Stations in other capital cities followed: [[ABQ-2]] (Brisbane, Queensland) (1959), [[ABS-2]] (Adelaide, South Australia) (1960), [[ABW-2]] (Perth, Western Australia) (1960), and [[ABT-2]] (Hobart, Tasmania) (1960). [[ABC-9|ABC-3]] Canberra opened in 1961, and [[ABD-6]] (Darwin, Northern Territories) started broadcasting in 1971, both named after the base city.
 
Although radio programs could be distributed nationally by [[landline]], television relay facilities were not in place until the early 1960s.<ref name="abc-50s">{{cite web
| title = About the ABC – The 50s – The Postwar Years
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| url = http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist4.htm
| accessdate =1 October 2007| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070917080240/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/history/hist4.htm| archivedate= 17 September 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> This meant that news bulletins had to be sent to each capital city by [[teleprinter]], to be prepared and presented separately in each city, with filmed materials copied manually and sent to each state.<ref name="abc-50s" /> Other television programs at the time included the popular ''[[Six O'Clock Rock]]'' hosted by [[Johnny O'Keefe]], ''[[Mr. Squiggle]]'', as well as operas and plays.<ref name="abc-50s" />
 
In 1975, colour television was introduced into Australia, and within a decade the ABC had moved into satellite broadcasting, greatly enhancing its ability to distribute content nationally. In the same year, the ABC introduced a 24-hour-a-day AM rock station in Sydney, 2JJ ([[Double Jay (radio network)|Double Jay]]), which was eventually expanded into the national [[Triple J]] FM network.<ref name="abc-60s70s" /> A year later, a national [[classical music]] network was established on the [[frequency modulation|FM]] band, broadcasting from Adelaide. It was initially known as ABC-FM – referring both to its 'fine music' programming and radio frequency.<ref name="abc-60s70s">{{cite web
| title = About the ABC – The 60s and 70s
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| url = http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist5.htm
}}</ref>
 
ABC budget cuts began in 1976 and continued until 1985. In 1978 the ABC NSW Staff Association organised a strike against budget cuts and political interference. Sydney ABC was off air for four days.<ref>Molomby, Tom, ''Is there a moderate on the roof? ABC Years'', William Heinemann Australia, Port Melbourne, 1991, p.110</ref> A packed free concert in support was held at the [[Regent Theatre (Sydney)|Regent Theatre]] and compered by [[Bob Hudson (singer)|Bob Hudson]]. It featured [[Fred Dagg]] and [[Robyn Archer]].<ref>Molomby, Tom, ''Is there a moderate on the roof? ABC Years'', William Heinemann Australia, Port Melbourne, 1991, p.114</ref> In 1991, Tom Molomby wrote:
:"The effects of the budget reductions had been so badly handled that the organisation was to remain seriously crippled for years."<ref>Molomby, Tom, ''Is there a moderate on the roof? ABC Years'', William Heinemann Australia, Port Melbourne, 1991, p.160</ref>
 
===1980s–90s===
The ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983''<ref name = "abc-act83"/> changed the name of the organisation from the "Australian Broadcasting Commission" to the "Australian Broadcasting Corporation", effective 1 July 1983.<ref name="abc-act83" /> At the same time, the newly formed Corporation underwent significant restructuring. The ABC was split into separate television and radio divisions, with an overhaul of management, finance, property and engineering.<ref name="abc-80s" /> [[Geoffrey Whitehead (communications)|Geoffrey Whitehead]]<ref>[http://bookstore.iuniverse.com/Products/SKU-000538367/Tending-the-Flame-of-Democracy.aspx 2012 publication by Geoffrey Whitehead "Tending the Flame of Democracy"] retrieved June 26, 2013</ref> was the initial managing director; however, following his resignation in 1986, [[David Hill (businessman)|David Hill]] (at the time chair of the ABC Board) took over his position.
 
Program production in [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous]] affairs, comedy, social history and current affairs was significantly expanded, while the Corporation's output of drama was boosted.<ref name="abc-80s" /> Local production trebled from 1986–91 with the assistance of co-production, co-financing, and pre-sales arrangements.<ref name="abc-80s">{{cite web | title = About the ABC – The 80s
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| url = http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist6.htm
| accessdate =1 October 2007 }}</ref>
 
A new Concert Music Department was formed in 1985 to coordinate the corporation's six symphony orchestras, which in turn received a greater level of autonomy to better respond to local needs.<ref name="abc-80s" /> Open-air free concerts and tours, educational activities, and joint ventures with other music groups were undertaken at the time to expand the orchestras' audience reach.<ref name="abc-80s" />
 
ABC Radio was restructured significantly again in 1985 – Radio One became the Metropolitan network, while Radio 2 became known as [[Radio National]] (callsigns, however, were not standardised until 1990). New programs such as ''The World Today'', ''Australia All Over'', and ''The Coodabeen Champions'' were introduced, while [[ABC Classic FM|ABC-FM]] established an Australian Music Unit in 1989.<ref name="abc-80s" /> [[Radio Australia]] began to focus on the Asia-Pacific region, with coverage targeted at the south west and central Pacific, south-east Asia, and north Asia. Radio Australia also carried more news coverage, with special broadcasts during the [[1987 Fijian coups d'état|1987 Fijian coup]], [[Tiananmen Square massacre]], and the [[First Gulf War]].<ref name="abc-80s" />
 
[[File:ABC Sydney.jpg|thumb|The ABC's Sydney headquarters in [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]].]]
In 1991, the Corporation's Sydney radio and orchestral operations moved to a new building built by [[Leighton Holdings]]<ref>{{cite web
| title = Leighton Holdings History
| publisher=Leighton Holdings
| url = http://www.leighton.com.au/about_us/history/history.html
| accessdate =2 February 2008}}</ref> on a single site in the inner-city suburb of [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]].<ref name="abc-90s" /> In Melbourne, the ABC Southbank Centre was completed in 1994, and now houses the radio division in Victoria as well as the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra.<ref name="abc-90s">{{cite web
| title = About the ABC – The 90s
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| url = http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist7.htm
| accessdate =1 October 2007}}</ref>
 
The ABC Multimedia Unit was established in July 1995, to manage the new ABC website (launched in August). Funding was allocated later that year specifically for online content, as opposed to reliance on funding for television and radio content. The first online election coverage was put together in 1996, and included news, electorate maps, candidate information and live results.<ref name="abc-90s" />
 
By the early 1990s, all major ABC broadcasting outlets moved to 24 hour-a-day operation, while regional radio coverage in Australia was extended with 80 new transmitters.<ref name="abc-90s" /> Live television broadcasts of selected parliamentary sessions started in 1990.<ref name="abc-90s" /> [[ABC NewsRadio]], a continuous news network broadcast on the [[Parliamentary and News Network]] when parliament is not sitting, was launched on 5 October 1994.<ref name="abc-90s" />
 
International television service [[Australia Television International]] was established in 1993, while at the same Radio Australia increased its international reach.<ref name="abc-90s" /> Reducing funding in 1997 for Radio Australia resulted in staff and programming cuts.<ref name="abc-90s" />
 
''Australia Television'' was sold to the [[Seven Network]] in 1998, however the service continued to show [[ABC News and Current Affairs|ABC news and current affairs programming]] up until its closure in 2001.<ref name="mr">{{cite web
|url = http://www.abc.net.au/rn/mediareport/stories/2001/265031.htm
|title = 2UE; Australian Television International.
|accessdate =25 September 2007
|date=March 2001 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> The ABC's television operation joined its radio and online divisions at the corporation's Ultimo headquarters in 2000.<ref name="abc-00s">{{cite web
| title = About the ABC – 2000s – A New Century
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| url = http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist8.htm
| accessdate =1 October 2007}}</ref>
 
===2000s===
In 2001, digital television commenced after four years of preparation.<ref name="abc-00s" /> In readiness, the ABC had fully digitised its production, post-production and transmission facilities – heralded at the time as "the greatest advance in television technology since the introduction of colour".<ref name="abc-00s" /> The first programmes to be produced in widescreen were drama series ''[[Something in the Air (TV series)|Something in the Air]]'', ''[[Grass Roots (TV series)|Grass Roots]]'' and ''In the Mind of the Architect''.
 
At the same time, the ABC's Multimedia division was renamed "ABC New Media", becoming an output division of the ABC alongside Television and Radio.<ref name="abc-00s" /> Legislation allowed the ABC to provide 'multichannels' – additional, digital-only, television services managed by the New Media Division. Soon after the introduction of digital television in 2001, [[Fly TV]] and the [[ABC Kids channel]] launched, showing a mix of programming aimed at teenagers and children.
 
In 2002, the ABC launched [[Australia Network|ABC Asia Pacific]] – the replacement for the defunct Australia Television International operated previously by the Seven Network. Much like its predecessor, and companion radio network [[Radio Australia]], the service provided a mix of programming targeted at audiences throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Funding cuts in 2003 led to the closure of Fly TV and the ABC Kids channel.
 
The ABC launched a digital radio service, [[ABC DiG]], in November 2002, available though the internet and digital television, but not available through any other terrestrial broadcast until [[DAB+]] became available in 2009.
 
[[File:Abc2promo.jpg|thumb|[[ABC2]] launched on 7 March 2005]]
[[ABC2]], a second attempt at a digital-only television channel, launched on 7 March 2005. Unlike its predecessors the new service was not dependent on government funding, instead running on a budget of A$3&nbsp;million per year.<ref name="whoseabc">{{cite book |last=Inglis |first=Kenneth Stanley |title=Whose ABC? The Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1983–2006 |year=2006 |publisher=Black Inc. |location=Melbourne, [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] |isbn=978-1-86395-189-0 }}</ref> Minister for Communications [[Helen Coonan]] inaugurated the channel at [[Parliament of Australia|Parliament House]] three days later.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dba.org.au/index.asp?sectionID=74&newsID=641&display=news
| title = ABC2 launched at Parliament House
| accessdate =31 March 2007 | date = 11 March 2005
| work=ABC New Media & Digital Services | publisher=DBA }}{{dead link|date=September 2012}}</ref> Genre restrictions limiting the types of programming the channel could carry were lifted in October 2006 – ABC2 was henceforth able to carry programming classified as comedy, drama, national news, sport and entertainment.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/australia/story/0,,1925263,00.html
| title = Australia opens up media investment
| accessdate =31 March 2007
| date = 18 October 2006 | work=MediaGuardian.co.uk
|work=The Guardian |location=London  | first=Julia | last=Day}}</ref>
 
A high incidence of breast cancer in female staff working at the ABC's offices in Brisbane led to the closure of the site, based in [[Toowong, Queensland|Toowong]], on 21 December 2006. Sixteen women were diagnosed with the disease in a period spanning 1994 to 2007.<ref name="aus-breastcancer">{{cite news |title= Cancer case no 16 for ABC |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cancer-case-no-16-for-abc/2007/12/19/1197740320736.html|date=19 December 2007 |work=Sydney Morning Herald |first=Georgina|last=Robinson|accessdate=19 December 2007 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20071220202927/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cancer-case-no-16-for-abc/2007/12/19/1197740320736.html| archivedate= 20 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> A progress report released in March 2007, by an independent panel formed to investigate the occurrences found that the rate of occurrence for breast cancer rate at the offices was eleven times higher than elsewhere<ref name="aus-furthertests">{{cite news |title=ABC cancer cluster still a mystery |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21411738-7582,00.html |date=20 March 2007 |work=The Australian |first=Michael|last=Bodey|accessdate=9 October 2007 }}</ref> – since the closure of the site, the ABC's Brisbane-based television and radio operations were moved to alternate locations around the city, including [[TVQ-10|Ten Brisbane]]'s studios at [[Mt Coot-tha]]. The ABC's Managing Director, [[Mark Scott (businessman)|Mark Scott]], announced in August 2007 that new studios would be built on the site, following the final release of the Review and Scientific Investigation Panel's report.<ref name="brisbanestudiosrelease">{{cite press release |title=New Studies to be completed on ABC Toowong site |url=http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s1717370.htm |date=17 August 2007 |accessdate=9 October 2007 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref> In January 2012 the ABC in Brisbane moved into purpose-built accommodation in [[South Bank, Queensland|South Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-01-09/abc-moves-into-new-building/3764262 |title=ABC News arrives at Brisbane's new HQ |publisher=ABC |accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref>
 
On 8 February 2008, ABC TV was rebranded as [[ABC1]], complementing the existing [[ABC2]] digital-only channel which was launched on 7 March 2005 also adding branding for a new kids channel announced in the past throughout the Howard Government based on succeeding the 2007 election but left to 2009 Rudd Government Budget where [[ABC3]] was funded later announced in June.<ref name="rebrand">{{cite news | title = ABC promises more content choice | work=The Australian | date = 6 February 2008 | url = http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23171159-12377,00.html | accessdate =6 February 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Welch | first = Dylan | title = ABC squiggle to stay | work=Brisbane Times | date = 30 January 2008 | url = http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/articles/2008/01/30/1201369172600.html | accessdate =30 January 2008 }}</ref> A new online video-on-demand service launched in July of the same year, titled [[ABC iView]],<ref name="announce">{{cite press release
| title = The Television Revolution Has Begun!
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| date = 24 July 2008
| url = http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s2313534.htm
| accessdate =21 September 2008 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080915193252/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s2313534.htm| archivedate= 15 September 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> and the ABC launched [[digital radio in Australia|digital radio]] broadcasts in the same month.
 
===2010s===
[[ABC News 24]] launched on 22 July 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/07/13/2952551.htm/ |title=ABC to launch 24h news channel |publisher=ABC |location=Australia  |accessdate=16 May 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> and brought with it both new programming content as well as a collaboration of existing news and current affair productions and resources. The ABC launched the 24-hour news channel to both complement its existing 24-hour [[ABC NewsRadio|ABC News Radio]] service and compete with commercial offerings on cable TV. It became the ABC's fifth domestic TV channel and the fourth launched within the past 10 years.
 
==Corporation==
 
===Structure===
Below is the ABC's divisional structure.<ref name="divstructure">{{cite web |title=ABC Leadership Group |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/documents/ABC_Div_Structure.pdf |accessdate=5 October 2007|format=PDF| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20071025152530/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/documents/ABC_Div_Structure.pdf| archivedate= 25 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
<br clear all />
{| border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="6"
|  style="background:ivory; text-align:center; border:1px solid silver; line-height:105%;"|<small>'''ABC Secretariat'''</small>
|  style="background:ivory; text-align:center; border:1px solid silver; line-height:105%;"|<small>'''Director of Editorial Policies'''</small>
|  style="background:ivory; text-align:center; border:1px solid silver; line-height:105%;"|<small>'''Chief of Staff'''</small>
|  style="background:ivory; text-align:center; border:1px solid silver; line-height:105%;"|<small>'''Director of Corporate Development'''</small>
| |
|  style="background:#f0f0ff; text-align:center; border:1px solid silver; line-height:105%;"|<small>'''Director, Legal & Business Affairs'''<br/>Rob Simpson</small>
|  style="text-align:center; width:120px; background:#f0f0ff; border:1px solid silver; line-height:105%;"|<small>'''Chief Operating Officer'''<br/>David Pendleton</small>
|-
| <center><math>\uparrow</math></center>
| <center><math>\uparrow</math></center>
| <center><math>\uparrow</math></center>
| <center><math>\uparrow</math></center>
| |
| <center><math>\uparrow</math></center>
| <center><math>\uparrow</math></center>
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:honeyDew; text-align:center; border:1px solid silver; line-height:105%;"|'''[[ABC Board]]'''<small><br/>Managing Director<br/>[[Mark Scott (businessman)|Mark Scott]]</small>
|-
| <center><math>\downarrow</math></center>
| <center><math>\downarrow</math></center>
| <center><math>\downarrow</math></center>
| <center><math>\downarrow</math></center>
| <center><math>\downarrow</math></center>
| <center><math>\downarrow</math></center>
| <center><math>\downarrow</math></center>
|-
|  style="text-align:center; width:120px; background:#f0f0ff; border:1px solid silver; line-height:105%;"|<small>'''[[ABC Innovation|Innovation]]'''<br/>Director<br/>Angela Clark</small>
|  style="text-align:center; width:120px; background:#f0f0ff; border:1px solid silver; line-height:105%;"|<small>'''[[ABC Radio and Regional Content|Radio and Regional Content]]'''<br/>Director<br/>Kate Dundas</small>
|  style="text-align:center; width:120px; background:#f0f0ff; border:1px solid silver; line-height:105%;"|<small>'''[[ABC Television|Television]]'''<br/>Director<br/>Richard Finlayson</small>
|  style="text-align:center; width:120px; background:#f0f0ff; border:1px solid silver; line-height:105%;"|<small>'''[[ABC News and Current Affairs|News and Current Affairs]]'''<br/>Director<br/>Kate Torney</small>
|  style="text-align:center; width:120px; background:#f0f0ff; border:1px solid silver; line-height:105%;"|<small>'''[[ABC International, Corporate Strategy and Governance|International, Corporate Strategy & Governance]]'''<br/>Director<br/>Lynley Marshall</small>
|  style="text-align:center; width:120px; background:#f0f0ff; border:1px solid silver; line-height:105%;"|<small>'''[[ABC Commercial|Commercial]]'''<br/>A/Director<br/>Robert Patterson</small>
|  style="text-align:center; width:120px; background:#f0f0ff; border:1px solid silver; line-height:105%;"|<small>'''Communications'''<br/>Director<br/>Michael Millett</small>
|}
 
===Management===
{{Main|ABC Board}}
The operations of the ABC are governed by a board of directors,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/histact/10/5029/0/HA000110.htm |title = Establishment of Australian Broadcasting Corporation Board |publisher=ScalePlus | accessdate=26 November 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060530102717/http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/histact/10/5029/0/HA000110.htm  |archivedate = 30 May 2006}}</ref> consisting of a managing director,<ref name="boardmembership">{{cite web | url = http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/histact/10/5029/0/HA000170.htm |title =  Membership of Board |publisher=ScalePlus | accessdate=5 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070927220135/http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/histact/10/5029/0/HA000170.htm  |archivedate = 27 September 2007}}</ref> five to seven directors,<ref name=boardmembership/> and until 2006, a staff-elected director.<ref name=boardmembership/><ref name="restructure">{{cite web
| title = Restructure of ABC Board
| publisher=Website of Senator the Hon [[Helen Coonan]], Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts
| url = http://www.minister.dcita.gov.au/coonan/media/media_releases/restructure_of_abc_board
| accessdate =27 November 2007
}}</ref> The managing director is appointed by the board for a period of up to five years, but is eligible for renewal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/histact/10/5029/0/HA000180.htm |title = Tenure of Managing Director |publisher=ScalePlus | accessdate=5 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070927220029/http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/histact/10/5029/0/HA000180.htm  |archivedate = 27 September 2007}}</ref> The authority and guidelines for the appointment of directors is provided for in the ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983''.<ref name="abc-act83">{{cite web
| title = Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983
| publisher=Attorney-General's Department
| url = http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2008C00174
| accessdate =1 October 2007
}}</ref><ref name="Abouttheboard">{{cite web | url=http://www.abc.net.au/corp/board/about_board.htm |title= About the board | publisher=ABC Online |accessdate=26 November 2006}}{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref><ref name="Board">{{cite web | title = Membership of Board |url=http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/histact/10/5029/0/HA000170.htm |publisher=Scaleplus |accessdate=26 November 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060530102806/http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/histact/10/5029/0/HA000170.htm  |archivedate = 30 May 2006}}</ref>
 
Appointments to the [[ABC Board]] made by successive governments have often resulted in criticism of the appointees' political affiliation, background, and relative merit.<ref name="aboveboard">{{cite web
| title =Methods of appointment to the ABC Board: Chapter 2 – The selection criteria – who should be on the board?
| work=Senate Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts Committee, ABC Board inquiry report | publisher=Parliament of Australia
|date=September 2001
| url =http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/ecita_ctte/completed_inquiries/1999-02/abcboard/report/c02.htm
| accessdate =4 November 2006}}{{dead link|date=September 2012}}</ref><ref name="pm-politics">{{cite news |title=Whose ABC? |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2006/s1726253.htm |date=26 August 2006 |publisher=ABC Radio |accessdate=13 October 2007 }}</ref> Past appointments have associated directly with political parties – five of fourteen appointed chairmen have been accused of political affiliation or friendship, include Richard Downing and [[Ken Myer]] (both of whom publicly endorsed the [[Australian Labor Party]] at the 1972 election),<ref name="whoseabc" /> as well as Sir Henry Bland.  [[David Hill (businessman)|David Hill]] was close to [[Neville Wran]], while [[Donald McDonald (ABC chairperson)|Donald McDonald]] was considered to be a close friend of [[John Howard]].
 
From 2003 the [[Howard Government]] made several controversial appointments to the ABC Board, including prominent ABC critic [[Janet Albrechtsen]],<ref name="pm-albrechtsen">{{cite web
| last = Caldwell
| first = Alison
| title = ABC critic appointed to board of directors
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| date = 24 February 2005
| url = http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1310461.htm
| accessdate =28 November 2006 }}</ref> [[Ron Brunton]],<ref>{{cite news
| last = Marriner
| first = Cosima
| title = Anthropologist on ABC Board
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| date = 3 May 2003
| url = http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/05/02/1051382095367.html
| accessdate =28 November 2006 }}</ref>
and [[Keith Windschuttle]].<ref name="pm-politics" /><ref>{{cite web
| last = Colvin
| first = Mark
| title = Govt appoints ABC board members
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| date = 15 June 2006
| url = http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2006/s1664194.htm
| accessdate =28 November 2006 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20061019202429/http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2006/s1664194.htm| archivedate= 19 October 2006 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
 
During their [[Australian federal election, 2007|2007 federal election campaign]], Labor announced plans to introduce a new system, similar to that of the BBC, for appointing members to the board.<ref name="alpboardappt">{{cite press release |title=Australian Labor Party: ABC Board |url=http://www.alp.org.au/media/0607/mscoitloo050.php |date=5 June 2007 |publisher=Australian Labor Party}} {{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref><ref name="newapp">{{cite news |title=Conroy sets ABC collision course |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,24897,22876717-7582,00.html |date=7 December 2007 |work=The Australian |author=Michael Sainsbury}} {{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref> Under the new system, ABC candidates would be considered by a panel established "at arm's length" from the Communications Minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Independent panel to select ABC board to be named |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23232789-7582,00.html |date=18 February 2007 |work=The Australian |deadurl=yes}} {{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref> If the Minister chose someone not on the panel's shortlist, they would be required to justify this to parliament. The ABC chairman would be nominated by the prime minister and endorsed by the leader of the opposition.<ref name="alpboardappt" />
 
The new merit-based appointment system was announced on 16 October, in advance of the new triennial funding period starting in 2009.<ref name="mb-board">{{cite press release|url=http://www.minister.dbcde.gov.au/media/media_releases/2008/076|title=Measures to ensure strong and independent national broadcasters|date=16 October 2008|accessdate=16 October 2008| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081020011330/http://www.minister.dbcde.gov.au/media/media_releases/2008/076| archivedate= 20 October 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="mb-boardrules">{{cite web |url=http://www.dbcde.gov.au/media_broadcasting/abc_and_sbs/abc_and_sbs_board_appointments/the_merit-based_appointment_process|title=The merit-based appointment process|accessdate=16 October 2008}}{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref>
 
The board's members are:
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
* [[James Spigelman]] AC QC – ''Chairperson'', appointed 1 April 2012<ref name="boardlist" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-03-08/gillard-confirms-spigelman-as-new-abc-chairman/3877968|title=Spigelman confirmed as new ABC chairman|publisher=ABC News|date=8 March 2012|accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref>
* [[Mark Scott (businessman)|Mark Scott]] – ''Managing Director'', appointed 5 July 2006<ref name="boardlist">{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/corp/board/board_members.htm |title=ABC Board Members |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |accessdate=7 April 2007| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070304141016/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/board/board_members.htm| archivedate= 4 March 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
 
{{Col-2}}
* [[Steven Skala]] – appointed 6 October 2005<ref name="boardlist" />
* [[Julianne Schultz]] – appointed 27 March 2009<ref name="boardlist" />
* [[Cheryl Bart]] – appointed 3 June 2010<ref name="boardlist" />
* [[Fiona Stanley]] – appointed 30 June 2011<ref name="boardlist" />
* [[Jane Bennett]] – appointed 30 June 2011<ref name="boardlist" />
{{Col-end}}
 
===Funding===
As opposed to many of its international counterparts such as the BBC,<ref>{{cite web | title = Annual Report and Accounts 2005–2006 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/foi/docs/annual_reports_and_reviews/annual_report_and_accounts/BBC_Annual_Report_2005_06.pdf | author=[[BBC]] | format = PDF | pages = 103–104 | accessdate =21 January 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070604183922/http://www.bbc.co.uk/foi/docs/annual_reports_and_reviews/annual_report_and_accounts/BBC_Annual_Report_2005_06.pdf  |archivedate = 4 June 2007}}</ref> the ABC is funded entirely by the Australian government, in addition to some revenue received from [[ABC Commercial|its retail outlets]]. In the 2006–07 [[Australian federal budget|federal budget]], the ABC received [[Australian dollar|A$]]823&nbsp;million of government funding,<ref>{{cite web | title = ABC Budget 2006–2007 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/documents/budget2006-07.pdf | author=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | format = PDF | accessdate =18 June 2007| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070630013638/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/documents/budget2006-07.pdf| archivedate= 30 June 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> increased to $840&nbsp;million in 2008–09.<ref name="budgetreport" /> In the 2009–10 federal budget, the ABC received funding of $929.9 million.<ref>{{cite web | title = ABC Annual Report 2009–2010 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/corp/annual_reports/ar10/pdf/ar2009_10_financial_statements.pdf | author=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | format = PDF | accessdate =29 August 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref>
 
Until 1948, the ABC was funded directly by radio licence fees; amendments were also made to the ''Australian Broadcasting Act'' that meant the ABC would receive its funding directly from the federal government. Licence fees remained until 1973 when they were abolished by the [[Gough Whitlam|Whitlam]] Labor government, on the basis that the near-universality of television and radio services meant that public funding was a fairer method of providing revenue for government-owned radio and television broadcasters.<ref name="whoseabc" />
 
The term "where your 8 cents a day goes", coined in the late 1980s during funding negotiations,<ref name="8cents">{{cite news |title=Your ABC |url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/stories/s203582.htm |date=24 October 2000 |publisher=Lateline}}</ref> is often used in reference to the services provided by the ABC.<ref>{{cite speech
| title = Launch of ABC Disability Awareness resources: An ABC for all Australians
| author=Dr Sev Ozdowski OAM
| date = 9 August 2001
| location = Sydney, Australia
| url = http://svc013.wic009tp.server-web.com/disability_rights/speeches/2001/ABC2001.htm
| accessdate =5 October 2007
}}</ref> It is estimated that the cost of the ABC per head of population per day is now 7.1 cents a day, based on the Corporation's 2007–08 'base funding' of $543&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crikey – Comments, clarifications, and c*ckups |url=http://www.crikey.com.au/Comments/20070813-Comments-corrections-clarifications-and-cckups.html |year=2008 |accessdate=3 October 2008}}</ref>
 
The Australian Communications Minister, Senator [[Stephen Conroy]] indicated strong support from the Government for the ABC's funding submission for the 2009/10 budget, saying the organisation had been underfunded for many years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/sbs-and-abc-to-get-extra-money/2008/12/12/1228585118324.html |title=SBS and ABC to get extra money – National |work=Sydney Morning Herald |location=Australia |date=29 July 2009 |accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref>
 
===Politics and criticism===
{{See also|ABC Board|History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}
The ABC is often accused of bias in its coverage of news and current affairs by conservative<ref name=NewTeethForAunty/><ref>{{cite interview |url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/nationalinterest/stories/2007/1965491.htm |title=ALP/ABC: spot the difference? |program=National Interest ABC Radio |year=2007 |month=July |interviewer=Peter Mares |accessdate=8 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=And now, a letter from Gerard Henderson |url=http://www.crikey.com.au/Media-Arts-and-Sports/20071207-And-now-a-letter-from-Gerard-Henderson-.html |date=7 December 2007 |publisher=Crikey }}</ref> Members of parliament,<ref>{{cite web |title=The ABC Of How To Complain |url=http://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/s1771608.htm |year=2006 |accessdate=8 February 2008}}</ref> and commentators such as [[Andrew Bolt]],<ref name="bolt-blog">{{cite news |title=And here is the news from the ABC |url=http://blogs.news.com.au/heraldsun/andrewbolt/index.php/heraldsun/comments/and_here_is_the_news_from_the_abc/ |work=Herald Sun |location=Australia|publisher=News Limited | first =Andrew  |last=Bolt |accessdate=9 February 2008 |date=6 February 2007 }}</ref> [[Tim Blair]] and [[Gerard Henderson]]<ref name="bolt-blog" /> who have accused the Corporation of a left-wing bias, while similar criticisms of a conservative bias, particularly in its coverage of economic issues, have also come from [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] politicians such as [[Kevin Foley (politician)|Kevin Foley]],<ref name="crikeyfarmer">{{cite news |title=Richard Farmer's political bite-sized meaty chunks
|work=Crikey |date=29 February 2008 |url=http://www.crikey.com.au/2008/02/29/richard-farmers-political-bite-sized-meaty-chunks/ }}</ref> [[Neville Wran]],<ref name="whoseabc"/> [[Bob Hawke]],<ref name="whoseabc"/> and [[Paul Keating]].<ref name="whoseabc"/>
 
Conservative [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] governments in the 1960s and 1970s attempted to influence the Corporation's political coverage by threatening to reduce funding for its news and current affairs division,<ref name="mediawedeserve">{{cite book |title=The Media We Deserve |first=David |last=Salter |isbn=978-0-522-85420-6 |date=September 2007 }}</ref><ref name="openseasonabc">{{cite news |title=Will it be open season on the ABC come July?  |work= The Canberra Times |date=23 February 2005 }}</ref> while the [[Bob Hawke|Hawke]] Labor government unsuccessfully proposed to merge it with the [[Special Broadcasting Service]].<ref name="whoseabc" />
 
Soon after coming to office in 1996, the Liberal Party government of [[John Howard]] reduced the ABC's operating grants by 10%.<ref>Senator K. Lundy, Adjournment speech, ''Senate Hansard'', 10 September 1996</ref> Its appointment of [[Jonathan Shier]] to the position of managing director was also controversial, for his programme of budget cuts, restructuring, and the loss of several high-profile personalities and shows.<ref>{{cite web
| publisher=Friends of the ABC
| title = Jonathan Shier Departs
| url = http://www.fabc.org.au/vic/links/photo_gallery/shier31_10_01.html
| accessdate =17 October 2002}}{{dead link|date=September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| work=The Age |location=Australia | publisher=Fairfax
| title = After the Storm
| url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/10/17/1034561259621.html
| accessdate =13 March 2012
}}</ref> Shier left the position early, on 31 October 2001. A 2004 [[Roy Morgan Research|Roy Morgan]] media credibility survey found that media professionals regarded [[ABC Radio and Regional Content|ABC Radio]] as the most accurate news source in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roymorgan.com/resources/pdf/papers/20040903.pdf |title=10,13_tr66_media |format=PDF |accessdate=26 April 2010}}{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref>
 
A number of former journalists and presenters have moved from positions at the corporation to politics.<ref name="fotabc-staff"/> State and federal Labor MPs [[Bob Carr]],<ref>{{cite news
|title=Bob Carr: a life in politics. |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200507/s1423636.htm |date=27 July 2005 |first=Antony |last=Green |publisher=ABC Online |accessdate=12 December 2007}}{{dead link|date=September 2012}}</ref>
[[Alan Carpenter]],<ref>{{cite web
| title=The Hon Alan J Carpenter MLA – Biography |url=http://www.premier.wa.gov.au/index.cfm?fuseaction=biography.main |accessdate=9 December 2007 |publisher=Department of the Premier and Cabient |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071113033934/http://www.premier.wa.gov.au/index.cfm?fuseaction=biography.main  |archivedate = 13 November 2007}}</ref>
[[Clare Martin]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Martin, Clare Majella |url=http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE0134b.htm |accessdate=9 December 2007 | work=National Foundation for Australian Women | publisher=Australian Women's Register}}</ref> [[Mary Delahunty]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Delahunty, Mary |url=http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE0123b.htm |accessdate=9 December 2007 | work=National Foundation for Australian Women | publisher=Australian Women's Register }}</ref> and [[Maxine McKew]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Has McKew's left turn hurt the ABC? |url=http://blogs.theaustralian.news.com.au/yoursay/index.php/theaustralian/comments/has_mckews_left_turn_hurt_the_abc/ |date=22 February 2007 |work=The Australian | publisher=News }}</ref> as well as the Liberal Party's [[Pru Goward]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Woman most likely |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/woman-most-likely/2006/09/22/1158431904498.html |date=23 September 2006 |accessdate=9 December 2007 | work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> [[Rob Messenger]],<ref name="fotabc-staff">{{cite web |title=Why can't Liberal Party sympathisers get jobs in the ABC? |url=http://friendsoftheabc.org/why-cant-liberal-party-sympathisers-get-jobs-in-the-abc |date=February 2007 |publisher=[[Friends of the ABC]] |accessdate=3 October 2008| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080929132418/http://friendsoftheabc.org/why-cant-liberal-party-sympathisers-get-jobs-in-the-abc| archivedate= 29 September 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Peter Collins,<ref name="fotabc-staff" /> and [[Eoin Cameron]],<ref>{{cite web |title=ABC Perth: Eoin Cameron |url=http://www.abc.net.au/perth/presenters/CAMERONEOINCAMERON.htm |date=2 July 2002 |accessdate=9 December 2007|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20041209120144/http%3A//www.abc.net.au/perth/presenters/CAMERONEOINCAMERON.htm |archivedate = 9 December 2004|deadurl=yes}}</ref> and [[Scott Emerson]] all held, or hold, positions at the ABC. Research undertaken by the broadcaster in 2007 indicated that out of a total of 19 former employees moving into party political positions, 10 have joined the Labor Party, and 9 the Liberal Party.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/hansard/senate/commttee/S10241.pdf |format=PDF|title=Budget Estimates | author = Senate Standing Committee on Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts |date=24 May 2007 |accessdate=9 February 2008 |publisher=Parliament of Australia }}{{dead link|date=September 2012}}</ref>
 
In January 2014, Prime Minister [[Tony Abbott]] criticized ABC for being unpatriotic due to its reporting on the documents provided by the NSA whistleblower [[Edward Snowden]], whom Abbott described as a "traitor".<ref>{{cite web|last=Pearlman|first=Jonathan|title=Tony Abbott says ABC unpatriotic|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/10604115/Tony-Abbott-says-ABC-unpatriotic.html|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''|accessdate=1 February 2014|date=29 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Australia's Tony Abbott calls broadcaster ABC unpatriotic|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25925312|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=1 February 2014|date=29 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-29/tony-abbott-steps-up-criticism-of-abc/5224676|title=Prime Minister Tony Abbott says ABC not on Australia's side in interview with 2GB|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=29 January 2014|accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref>
 
==Services==
 
===Radio===
[[File:ABC Building South Bank.jpg|thumb |right|The ABC's Brisbane headquarters in South Bank]]
 
{{Main|ABC Radio and Regional Content}}
The ABC operates 54 local radio stations, in addition to four national networks and international service [[Radio Australia]]. In addition, [[ABC DiG|DiG Radio]] launched on digital platforms in 2002, currently offering three separate stations.
 
[[ABC Local Radio]] is the Corporation's flagship radio station in each broadcast area. There are 54 individual stations, each with a similar format consisting of locally presented light entertainment, news, talk back, music, sport and interviews, in addition to some national programming such as ''AM'', ''PM'', ''[[The World Today (Australian radio programme)|The World Today]]'', sporting events and ''Nightlife''.
 
[[ABC Radio National]] broadcasts more than 60 special interest programmes per week covering a range of topics including music, comedy, book readings, radio dramas, poetry, science, health, the arts, religion, social history and current affairs.
 
[[ABC NewsRadio]] is a rolling news service, previously known as the [[Parliamentary and News Network]]. The service was established to broadcast federal parliamentary sittings, to relieve the local ABC radio network from this intermittent task, and to provide a news service at other times. The network broadcasts news on a 24/7 format with updates on the quarter-hour. Much of its news content is produced by the ABC itself, however many programmes are relayed from the [[BBC World Service]], [[National Public Radio|NPR]], [[Deutsche Welle]], [[Radio Netherlands]] and [[CNN Radio]].
 
[[ABC Classic FM]] was the ABC's first FM radio service. It was originally known simply as "ABC FM", and for a short time{{quantify|eg "until [year] as"|date=April 2013}} "ABC Fine Music". Its format borrowed heavily from community stations that eventually founded the Fine Music Network, as well as [[BBC Radio 3]].
 
[[Triple J]] is the national youth radio network, and broadcasts contemporary alternative and independent music; it is targeted at people aged 18–35. While the network plays music from around the world, it has a strong focus on local artists. Triple J was formerly known as "Double Jay" when it launched in Sydney on 19 January 1975.
 
===Television===
{{Main|ABC Television}}
 
Within Australia, the ABC operates four channels. [[ABC1]], the Corporation's original television service, receives the bulk of funding for television and shows first-run comedy, drama, documentaries, and [[ABC News and Current Affairs|news and current affairs]]. In each [[States and territories of Australia|state and territory]] a local [[ABC News (Australia)|news bulletin]] is shown at 7.00&nbsp;p.m. nightly.
 
In 2001 [[ABC Television|ABC TV]] launched its digital service.
 
[[ABC2]], launched in 2005, is a [[digital television in Australia|digital-only]] channel that shows repeated programmes from ABC1, as well as some original content including news programmes, children's shows, animation, and music shows.
 
In September 2007, the [[Australian government]] announced a proposal to launch a new digital-only children's channel, to be named [[ABC3]].<ref name="abc3">{{cite news
| title = Free kids' TV channel is as easy as ABC3
|work=The Age |location=Australia
| date = 23 September 2007
| url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/free-kids-tv-channel-is-as-easy-as-abc3/2007/09/22/1189881837000.html
| accessdate =1 September 2008
| location=Melbourne
| first=Jason
| last=Koutsoukis| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080916192340/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/free-kids-tv-channel-is-as-easy-as-abc3/2007/09/22/1189881837000.html| archivedate= 16 September 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}
</ref> An ABC3 channel appeared on television receivers in 2008, as a place holder for the future ABC3 channel. ABC3 was considered by the [[Australia 2020 Summit]] and given as one of the recommendations to the Government. In April 2009, the Government's official response to the Summit approved the idea,<ref>{{cite news |title=New children's channel for ABC |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/04/22/2549866.htm |date=22 April 2009 |accessdate=12 May 2009| publisher=ABC | work=News and Current Affairs | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090425042421/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/04/22/2549866.htm| archivedate= 25 April 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> and in the 2009–10 Commonwealth Budget $67&nbsp;million was allocated towards ABC3 as part of the Government's $167&nbsp;million funding increase to the ABC. The channel launched in December 2009.<ref>{{cite press release |title=ABC Funding Boost 2009–2012 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=12 May 2009 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s2568522.htm |accessdate=12 May 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090519204447/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s2568522.htm| archivedate= 19 May 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
 
In January 2010, the ABC announced its intention to launch Australia's first free-to-air news dedicated channel. [[ABC News 24]] replaced the former [[ABC HD (Australia)|ABC High Definition]] simulcast of [[ABC1]] and commenced broadcasting at 7:30&nbsp;pm ([[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]]) 5:30 ([[Australian Western Standard Time|AWST]]) on Thursday, 22 July 2010.<ref name="broadcastdate1">{{cite web | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/07/13/2952551.htm|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date = 13 July 2010|accessdate =13 July 2010|title = ABC to launch 24hr news channel next week| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100715053603/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/07/13/2952551.htm| archivedate= 15 July 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="tsrannouncement">{{Cite news | title = ABC News 24 will launch on Thursday 22 July | work=The Spy Report | publisher=Media Spy | date = 13 July 2010 | url = http://www.mediaspy.org/report/2010/07/13/abc-news-24-will-launch-on-thursday-22-july/ | accessdate =13 July 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2012}}</ref>
 
===Online===
{{Main|ABC Innovation}}
An experimental Multimedia Unit was established in 1995, charged with developing policy for the ABC's work in web publishing.<ref name="abc-90s" /> This unit continued until 2000, when the New Media division was formed, bringing together the ABC's online output as a division similar to Television or Radio.<ref name="abc-00s" /> The division had over a million pages of material published by late 2003.<ref name="abc-00s" />
 
In 2001 the New Media division became New Media and Digital Services, reflecting the broader remit to develop content for digital platforms such as [[digital television]]. In addition to ABC Online, the division also had responsibility over the ABC's two digital television services, [[Fly TV]] and the [[ABC Kids channel]], until their closure in 2003.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s863660.htm
| title = ABC Closes Digital Multichannels
| accessdate =25 September 2007
| date = 26 May 2003
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
}}{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref> In March 2005 the division oversaw the launch of ABC2, a [[free-to-air]] digital television channel, in effect a replacement for ABC Kids and Fly.
 
In conjunction with the ABC's radio division, New Media and Digital Services implemented the ABC's first [[podcast]]s in December 2004. By mid-2006 the ABC had become an international leader in podcasting with over fifty podcast programmes delivering hundreds of thousands of downloads per week,<ref name="podcasting">{{cite web
| title = Podcasting: ABC Radio National Tops 100,000 mp3s in One Week
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| url = http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s1409756.htm
| accessdate =1 October 2007
}}{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref> including trial video podcasts of [[The Chaser's War on Everything]] and [[Triple j tv|jtv]].<ref name="vodcasting">{{cite web
| title = ABC Launches Vodcasting
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| url = http://abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s1698372.htm
| accessdate =1 October 2007
| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20071013102015/http://abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s1698372.htm| archivedate= 13 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
 
In February 2007, the New Media & Digital Services division was dissolved and divided up amongst other areas of the ABC. It was replaced by a new Innovations area, to manage ABC Online and investigate new technologies for the ABC.<ref name="innovation">{{cite web
| title = The ABC Of Digital Media Evolution
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| url = http://abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s1842869.htm
| accessdate =1 October 2007
| date = 7 February 2007
| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070923100453/http://abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s1842869.htm| archivedate= 23 September 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
 
===International===
[[Australia Network]], formerly ABC Asia Pacific, is an international satellite television service operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, funded by advertising and grants from the [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]. Aimed at the Asia-Pacific region, the service broadcasts a mixture of English language programming, including general entertainment, sport, and current affairs.
 
[[ABC Radio Australia]] is an international shortwave, satellite and internet radio service with transmissions aimed at East Asia and the [[Pacific Islands]], although its signals are also audible in many other parts of the world. It features programmes in various languages spoken in these regions, including [[Putonghua|Mandarin]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]] and [[Tok Pisin]].
 
Radio Australia bulletins are also carried on [[WRN Broadcast]], available via satellite in Europe and North America.
 
===Commercial===
{{Main|ABC Commercial}}
ABC Commercial is the division of the ABC responsible for pursuing new sources of revenue for the Corporation.<ref name="innovation" /> It is composed of ABC Retail, ABC Consumer Publishing and Content Sales, as well as ABC Resource Hire. ABC retail outlets were established in 1974. All profits from the sale of consumer product and production services return to the Corporation to reinvest in programme-making.<ref name="consumerpub">{{cite web
| title = ABC Commercial – About ABC Consumer Publishing and Content Sales
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| url = http://abcenterprises.com.au/consumerpublishing
| accessdate =1 October 2007
| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20071112032437/http://abcenterprises.com.au/consumerpublishing| archivedate= 12 November 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
 
===Orchestras===
{{listen
| filename    = Charles Williams, 'Majestic Fanfare'.ogg
| title        = "Majestic Fanfare"
| description  = The original [[ABC News and Current Affairs]] theme music. In the mid-1980s ABC Television changed to its own news theme, while the Majestic Fanfare is still used for radio news bulletins.
| format      = Ogg
}}
Up until the installation of disc recording equipment in 1935, all content broadcast on the ABC was produced live, including music.<ref name="abc-birth">{{cite web
| title = About the ABC – The Birth of the ABC
| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| url = http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist2.htm
| accessdate =1 October 2007
| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070917192008/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/history/hist2.htm| archivedate= 17 September 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>  For this purpose, the ABC established broadcasting orchestras in each state, and in some centres also employed choruses and dance bands.  This became known as the ABC Concert Music Division, which was controlled by the Federal Director of Music – the first of whom was [[William G. James|W. G. James]].<ref>Phillip Sametz:  Play On, ABC Books, Sydney, 1992; p. 35</ref>
There are currently six state symphony orchestras:
* [[Adelaide Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[Melbourne Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[Queensland Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[Sydney Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[West Australian Symphony Orchestra]]
 
The orchestras were corporatised in the 1990s,<ref name="abc-90s" /> and were divested into independent companies on 1 January 2007.<ref>http://www.abc.net.au/corp/history/75years/timeline/orchestras.pdf</ref>
 
== Lissajous curve logo==
[[File:ABCTV1975.svg|thumb|The Lissajous curve logo, as it appeared on air from 1975 to 2001.]]
 
[[File:Lissajous-Figur 1 zu 3 (Oszilloskop).jpg|200px|thumbnail|The Lissajous figure on an oscilloscope, on which Bill Kennard designed the current logo.]]
 
The ABC logo is one of the most recognisable logos in Australia. In the early years of television, the ABC had been using [[Lissajous curve]]s as fillers between programmes. In July 1963, the ABC conducted a staff competition to create a new logo for use on television, stationery, publications, microphone badges and ABC vehicles.<ref name="atvh-50s60s">{{cite web |title=AusTVHistory: Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1950s–1960s |url=http://www.austvhistory.com/abc/index.htm |publisher=Aus TV History |author=Brooklyn Ross-Hulands |accessdate=4 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://replay.web.archive.org/20081007030333/http://www.austvhistory.com/abc/index.htm |archivedate = 7 October 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Memoirs of a Space Engineer – about Doug Rickard | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 19 October 2000 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/memoirs/about.htm | accessdate =30 January 2008 }}</ref> In 1965, ABC graphics designer Bill Kennard, who had been experimenting with telerecording of the [[cathode ray oscilloscope]] displays, submitted a design which was part of the waveform from an oscilloscope. The letters "ABC" were added to the design and it was adopted as the ABC's official logo. Kennard was presented with [[Australian pound|£]]25 for his design.<ref name="atvh-50s60s"/>
 
Since its original introduction in 1965, it has been updated several times, including with the introduction of colour television in 1975. The line was thickened to feature colour in the logo. The 1975 logo is the longest-running logo, with a lifespan of 27 years. In 2001, with the introduction of digital television in Australia, ABC Television adopted a modified version of the logo, featuring a silver 3D look and losing the "over and under" design. However, despite the launch of this logo, the 1975 logo is still used by the corporation. In July 2002, to celebrate the ABC's 70th anniversary, the corporation adopted a new logo across all media. This new logo still used the silver 3D colour but reverted to its "over and under" design. The 2002 logo is still in use today.
 
==See also==
{{Portal|Television in Australia}}
* [[Pool (website)]],  a website hosted by the ABC
* [[Timeline of Australian radio]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
==External links==
{{Commons category|Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}
* {{official website|http://www.abc.net.au/}}
* [http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2008C00174 Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983]
* [http://www.friendsoftheabc.org.au/ Friends of the ABC]
* [http://dl.filmaust.com.au/tag/ABC/ Film Australia Digital Learning – digital resources tagged with ‘ABC’]{{dead link|date=September 2012}}
* [http://www.nma.gov.au/collections-search/results?search=adv&ref=coll&collname=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation+collection+no.+1 Australian National Museum] The museum holds a substantial collection of materials related to the ABC including the first ABC Outside Broadcast van.
*[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-07-01/abc-celebrates-80-years/4103108 ABC celebrates 80 years of broadcasting] - ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation'' (1 July 2012).
 
{{Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}
{{Telecommunications}}
{{JNN}}
 
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}
 
[[Category:Australian Broadcasting Corporation| ]]
[[Category:Australian radio networks]]
[[Category:Australian television networks]]
[[Category:Commercial-free television networks]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Government agencies of Australia]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1929]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1932]]
[[Category:Publicly funded broadcasters]]

Revision as of 14:38, 24 February 2014

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