|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| A '''catch-22''' is a [[paradoxical]] situation from which an individual cannot escape because of contradictory rules.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Catch-22 | journal=Random House
| | <br><br>Yesterday tour dates for luke bryan ([http://www.museodecarruajes.org http://www.museodecarruajes.org/]) I woke up and noticed - Now I have also been solitary for a while and after much bullying from friends I today locate myself registered for web dating. They guaranteed me that there are lots of pleasant, [http://www.Britannica.com/search?query=ordinary ordinary] and interesting visitors to fulfill, so here goes the pitch!<br>My fam and friends are wonderful and hanging out together at bar gigabytes or meals is consistently a must. As I discover you can do not have a decent conversation using the noise I haven't ever been in to dance clubs. I likewise have two undoubtedly cheeky and quite cute canines who are always eager to meet up new people.<br>I attempt to maintain as physically healthy as possible [http://Search.Huffingtonpost.com/search?q=staying&s_it=header_form_v1 staying] at the gym many times per week. I love my athletics and attempt to play or watch since many a potential. Being winter I luke bryan live in concert ([http://minioasis.com http://minioasis.com]) will frequently at Hawthorn fits. Notice: I have [http://www.senatorwonderling.com luke bryan s tour] seen the carnage of fumbling luke bryan stage setup ([http://lukebryantickets.neodga.com http://lukebryantickets.neodga.com]) fits at stocktake revenue, Supposing that you really contemplated buying a sport I don't mind.<br><br>Here is my webpage ... vip tickets for luke bryan ([http://lukebryantickets.lazintechnologies.com Look At This]) |
| Dictionary | publisher=Random House | year=2012 | url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/catch-22}}</ref><ref name=OALD>"[http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/catch-22 Catch 22]", ''Oxford Advanced Learners' Dictionary'', accessed 16 August 2013.</ref> Catch-22s often result from rules, regulations, or procedures that an individual is subject to but has no control over. One connotation of the term is that the creators of the "Catch-22" have created arbitrary rules in order to justify and conceal their own abuse of power.
| |
| | |
| == Origin and meaning ==
| |
| | |
| [[Joseph Heller]] coined the term in his 1961 novel ''[[Catch-22]]'', which describes absurd bureaucratic constraints on soldiers in World War II. The term is introduced by the character Doc Daneeka, an army psychiatrist who invokes "Catch 22" to explain why any pilot requesting mental evaluation for insanity—hoping to be found not sane enough to fly and thereby escape dangerous missions—demonstrates his own sanity in making the request and thus cannot be declared insane.<ref>Scriptures for a Generation: What We Were Reading in the '60s - Page 162 Philip D. Beidler - 1995 "It is Catch-22: Doc Daneeka explains how anybody who is crazy has a right to ask to be removed from combat status but how anybody who asks is"</ref>
| |
| {{quotation|"You mean there's a catch?"
| |
| <p>
| |
| "Sure there's a catch", Doc Daneeka replied. "Catch-22. Anyone who wants to get out of combat duty isn't really crazy."
| |
| <p>
| |
| There was only one catch and that was Catch-22, which specified that a concern for one's own safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind. [[Orr (Catch-22)|Orr]] was crazy and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask; and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions. Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didn't, but if he was sane, he had to fly them. If he flew them, he was crazy and didn't have to; but if he didn't want to, he was sane and had to. Yossarian was moved very deeply by the absolute simplicity of this clause of Catch-22 and let out a respectful whistle.|4 = }}
| |
| | |
| Different formulations of "Catch-22" appear throughout the novel. The term is applied to various loopholes and quirks of the military system, always with the implication that rules are inaccessible to and slanted against those lower in the hierarchy. In chapter 6, Yossarian is told that Catch-22 requires him to do anything his [[commanding officer]] tells him to do, regardless of whether these orders contradict orders from the officer's superiors.<ref name=Henriksen>Margot A. Henriksen, ''Dr. Strangelove's America: Society and Culture in the Atomic Age''; University of California Press, 1997; ISBN 0-520-08310-5; p. [http://books.google.com/books?id=KGrsQOIQgeYC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250].</ref>
| |
| | |
| In a final episode, Catch-22 is described to Yossarian by an old woman recounting an act of violence by soldiers:<ref>"[http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-heller Joseph Heller]", ''Gale Encyclopedia of Biography'', accessed via Answers.com, 16 August 2013.</ref><ref name=CombsNimmo />
| |
| | |
| {{quotation|"Catch-22 says they have a right to do anything we can't stop them from doing." <p> "What the hell are you talking about?" Yossarian shouted at her in bewildered, furious protest. "How did you know it was Catch-22? Who the hell told you it was Catch-22?" <p> "The soldiers with the hard white hats and clubs. The girls were crying. 'Did we do anything wrong?' they said. The men said no and pushed them away out the door with the ends of their clubs. 'Then why are you chasing us out?' the girls said. 'Catch 22,' the men said. All they kept saying was 'Catch-22, Catch-22. What does it mean, Catch 22? What is Catch-22?" <p> "Didn't they show it to you?" Yossarian demanded, stamping about in anger and distress. "Didn't you even make them read it?" <p> "They don't have to show us Catch-22," the old woman answered. "The law says they don't have to." <p> "What law says they don't have to?" <p> "Catch-22".}}
| |
| | |
| According to literature professor Ian Gregson, the old woman's narrative defines "Catch-22" more directly as the "brutal operation of power", stripping away the "bogus sophistication" of the earlier scenarios.<ref>Ian Gregson, ''Character and Satire in Post War Fiction''; London: Continuum, 2006; ISBN 9781441130006; p. [http://books.google.com/books?id=e0qqaRTVt_sC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false 38].</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Other appearances in the novel ===
| |
| Besides referring to an unsolvable logical [[dilemma]], Catch-22 is invoked to explain or justify the military bureaucracy. For example, in the first chapter it requires Yossarian to sign his name to letters that he censors while he is confined to a hospital bed. One clause mentioned in chapter 10 closes a loophole in promotions, which one private had been exploiting to reattain the attractive rank of [[Private First Class]] after any promotion. Through [[courts-martial]] for going [[AWOL]], he would be busted in rank back to private, but Catch-22 limited the number of times he could do this before being sent to the stockade.
| |
| | |
| At another point in the book, a prostitute explains to Yossarian that she cannot marry him because he is crazy, and she will never marry a crazy man. She considers any man crazy who would marry a woman who is not a virgin. This closed logic loop clearly illustrated Catch-22 because by her logic, all men who refuse to marry her are sane and thus she would consider marriage; but as soon as a man agrees to marry her, he becomes crazy for wanting to marry a non-virgin, and is instantly rejected.
| |
| | |
| At one point, Captain Black attempts to pressure Milo into depriving Major Major of food as a consequence of not signing a loyalty oath that Major Major was never given an opportunity to sign in the first place. Captain Black asks Milo, "You're not against Catch-22, are you?"
| |
| | |
| In chapter 40, Catch-22 forces Colonels Korn and Cathcart to promote Yossarian to Major and ground him rather than simply sending him home. They fear that if they do not, others will refuse to fly, just as Yossarian did.
| |
| | |
| === Significance of the number 22 ===
| |
| {{main|Catch-22#Explanation of the novel's title|Catch-22}}
| |
| Heller originally wanted to call the phrase, and hence the book, by other numbers, but he and his publishers eventually settled on 22. The number has no particular significance; it was chosen more or less for [[euphony]]. The title was originally ''Catch-18'', but Heller changed it after the popular ''[[Mila 18]]'' was published a short time beforehand.<ref name="Aldridge1986" /><ref name=Telegraph />
| |
| | |
| == Usage ==
| |
| | |
| The term "catch-22" has filtered into common usage in the English language.<ref name=OALD /> In a 1975 interview, Heller said the term would not translate well into other languages.<ref name=Telegraph>"[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3669372/A-classic-by-any-other-name.html A classic by any other name]", ''The Telegraph'', 18 November 2007.</ref>
| |
| | |
| James E. Combs and Dan D. Nimmo suggest that the idea of a "catch-22" has gained popular currency because so many people in modern society are exposed to frustrating bureaucratic logic. They write:
| |
| | |
| <blockquote>Everyone, then, who deals with organizations understands the bureaucratic logic of Catch-22. In high school or college, for example, students can participate in student government, a form of self-government and democracy that allows them to decide whatever they want, just so long as the principal or dean of students approves. This bogus democracy that can be overruled by arbitrary fiat is perhaps a citizen's first encounter with organizations that may profess 'open' and libertarian values, but in fact are closed and hierarchical systems. Catch-22 is an organizational assumption, an unwritten law of informal power that excepts the organization from responsibility and accountability, and puts the individual in the absurd position of being excepted for the convenience or unknown purposes of the organization. <ref name=CombsNimmo>James E. Combs & Dan D. Nimmo, ''The Comedy of Democracy''; Westport, CT: Praeger (Greenwood Publishing Group), 1996; ISBN 0-275-94979-6; p. [http://books.google.com/books?id=VJw9OdBFgmgC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q&f=false 152].</ref></blockquote>
| |
| | |
| Along with George Orwell's "[[doublethink]]", "Catch-22" has become one of the best-recognized ways to describe the predicament of being trapped by contradictory rules.<ref>Richard King, "[http://thesmartset.com/article/article07181101.aspx 22 Going on 50: Half a century later, the world is full of Catch-22s]"; ''The Smart Set'', 20 July 2011.</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Logic ==
| |
| | |
| The [[Archetype|archetypal]] ''catch-22'', as formulated by [[Joseph Heller|Heller]], involves the case of [[John Yossarian]], a [[United States Army Air Corps|U.S. Army Air Forces]] [[Bombardier (air force)|bombardier]], who wishes to be grounded from combat flight. This will only happen if he is evaluated by the squadron's [[flight surgeon]] and found "unfit to fly". "Unfit" would be any pilot who is willing to fly such dangerous missions, as one would have to be [[Insanity|mad]] to volunteer for possible death. However, to be evaluated, he must ''request'' the evaluation, an act that is considered sufficient proof for being declared sane. These conditions make it impossible to be declared "unfit".
| |
| | |
| The "Catch-22" is that "anyone who wants to get out of combat duty isn't really crazy".<ref name="Heller1999" /> Hence, pilots who request a mental fitness evaluation ''are'' sane, and therefore must fly in combat. At the same time, if an evaluation is not requested by the pilot, he will never receive one and thus can never be found insane, meaning he must also fly in combat.
| |
| | |
| Therefore, Catch-22 ensures that no pilot can ever be grounded for being insane even if he is.
| |
| | |
| A logical formulation of this situation is:
| |
| | |
| # <math>(E \rightarrow (I \land R))</math> ([[Premise]]: If a person is excused from flying (E) because of mental illness, that must be because he is both insane (I), and requests an evaluation (R));
| |
| # <math>(I \rightarrow \neg R)</math> ([[Premise]]: If a person is insane (I), he should not realize that he is, and would have no reason to request an evaluation)
| |
| # <math>(\neg I \or \neg R)</math> (2, [[Material implication (rule of inference)|Definition of implication]]: since an insane person would not request an evaluation, it follows that all people must either not be insane, or not request an evaluation)
| |
| # <math>(\neg (I \land R))</math> (3, [[De Morgan's laws|De Morgan]]: since all people must either not be insane, or not request an evaluation, it follows that no person is both insane and requests an evaluation)
| |
| # <math>(\neg E)</math> (4, 1, [[Modus Tollens]]: since a person may be excused from flying only if he is both insane and requests an evaluation, but no person ''can'' be both insane and request an evaluation, it follows that no person can be excused from flying for reasons of insanity)
| |
| | |
| Philosophy professor Laurence Goldstein argues that the 'airman's dilemma' is logically not even a condition that is true under no circumstances; it is a "vacuous biconditional" that is ultimately meaningless. Goldstein writes:<ref>Laurence Goldstein, "[http://philpapers.org/rec/GOLTBR The Barber, Russell's paradox, catch-22, God, contradiction and more: A defence of a Wittgensteinian conception of contradiction]"; in ''The law of non-contradiction: new philosophical essays'', ed. Graham Priest, Jc Beall & Bradley Armour-Garb; Oxford University Press, 2004.</ref>
| |
| | |
| {{quotation|The catch is this: what looks like a statement of the conditions under which an airman can be excused flying dangerous missions reduces not to the statement
| |
| | |
| :(i) `An airman can be excused flying dangerous missions if and only if Cont’ (where `Cont’ is a contradiction)
| |
|
| |
| (which could be a mean way of disguising an unpleasant truth), but to the worthlessly empty announcement
| |
|
| |
| :(ii) `An airman can be excused flying dangerous missions if and only if it is not the case that an airman can be excused flying dangerous missions’
| |
|
| |
| If the catch were (i), that would not be so bad – an airman would at least be able to discover that under no circumstances could he avoid combat duty. But Catch-22 is worse – a welter of words that amounts to nothing; it is without content, it conveys no information at all.}}
| |
| | |
| == See also ==
| |
| {{portal|Novels}}
| |
| * [[Begging the question]]
| |
| * [[Cornelian dilemma]]
| |
| * [[Deadlock]]
| |
| * [[Double bind]]
| |
| * [[False dilemma]]
| |
| * [[Ironic process theory]]
| |
| * [[No-win situation]]
| |
| * [[List of paradoxes]]
| |
| * [[Mu_(negative)#.22Unasking.22_the_question|Mu]]
| |
| * [[Pyrrhic victory]]
| |
| * [[Social trap]]
| |
| * [[Vicious circle]]
| |
| | |
| ===Related stories and logic problems===
| |
| * [[Hobson's choice]] – Choice between taking what is offered and taking nothing; named after James Hobson, owner of a livery stable who required his customers to take the horse nearest the door
| |
| * [[Kobayashi Maru]] – A scenario involving a choice presented to a cadet in ''[[Star Trek]]'' where they either violate military regulations concerning the rendering of aid to a freighter crippled by a mine and in imminent threat of destruction, or violate the terms of a peace treaty by crossing into enemy territory (where the freighter lies in distress), risking one's company and crew to attempt to save the crippled freighter, and committing an act of war in the process of violating that treaty
| |
| * [[The Lady, or the Tiger?]] – A short story involving a princess who must make a decision in a no-win situation
| |
| * [[Morton's Fork]]
| |
| * [[Zugzwang]]
| |
| | |
| == References ==
| |
| | |
| {{reflist
| |
| | refs =
| |
| | |
| <ref name="Heller1999">
| |
| {{cite book
| |
| | last = Heller
| |
| | first = Joseph
| |
| | authorlink = Joseph Heller
| |
| | title = Catch-22: A Novel
| |
| | page = 52
| |
| | publisher = Simon and Schuster
| |
| | year = 1999
| |
| | isbn = 978-0-684-86513-3
| |
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Xfze51E7TEoC&lpg=PP1&dq=isbn%3A9780684865133&pg=PA52
| |
| | accessdate = 2011-01-09
| |
| }}
| |
| </ref>
| |
| | |
| <ref name="Aldridge1986">
| |
| {{cite news
| |
| | last = Aldridge
| |
| | first = John W.
| |
| | authorlink = John W. Aldridge
| |
| | title = The Loony Horror of it All – 'Catch-22' Turns 25
| |
| | newspaper = The New York Times
| |
| | date = 1986-10-26
| |
| | page = Section 7, Page 3, Column 1
| |
| | url = http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/15/home/heller-loony.html
| |
| | accessdate = 2011-01-09
| |
| }}
| |
| </ref>
| |
| | |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Catch-22 (Logic)}}
| |
| [[Category:English idioms]]
| |
| [[Category:Paradoxes]]
| |
| [[Category:Catch-22]]
| |
| [[Category:Metaphors referring to war and violence]]
| |
| [[Category:Dilemmas]]
| |
| | |
| [[ru:Уловка 22]]
| |
| [[sv:Moment 22]]
| |