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{{Distinguish|matrix similarity}}
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{{merge to|Similarity measure|discuss=Talk:Similarity measure#Proposed merge with Similarity matrix|date=October 2013}}
A '''similarity matrix''' is a [[matrix (mathematics)|matrix]] of scores that represent the similarity between a number of data points. Each ''element'' of the similarity matrix contains a [[Similarity measure|measure of similarity]] between two of the data points. Similarity matrices are strongly related to their counterparts, [[distance matrix|distance matrices]] and [[substitution matrix|substitution matrices]].
 
== Uses ==
 
Similarity matrices have a wide range of uses:
# To find [[Cluster analysis|clusters]] of data points.
# To [[Sequence alignment|align sequences]] of DNA.
 
==Use in clustering==
 
In [[spectral clustering]], a similarity, or affinity, matrix is used to transform data to avoid convexity problems in the data.<ref name="Ng">{{Citation
| last1 = Ng | first1 = A.Y.
| last2 = Jordan | first2 = M.I.
| last3 = Weiss | first3 = Y.
| title = On Spectral Clustering: Analysis and an Algorithm
| journal = Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems
| volume = 14
| pages = 849-856
| publisher = MIT Press
| year = 2001
| url = http://books.nips.cc/papers/files/nips14/AA35.pdf
}}</ref>  The value of point <math>(i,j)</math> in the matrix can be simply the euclidean distance between <math>i</math> and <math>j</math>, or it can be a more complex measure of distance such as the Gaussian <math> e^{-||s_1 - s_1||^2/2\sigma^2}</math>.<ref name="Ng" /> Further modifying this result with network analysis techniques is also common.<ref>{{Citation
| last1 = Li | first1 = Xin-Ye
| last2 = Guo | first2 = Li-Jie
| title = Constructing affinity matrix in spectral clustering based on neighbor propagation
| journal = Neurocomputing
| volume = 97
| pages = 125-130
| publisher = MIT Press
| year = 2012
| url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2012.06.023
| doi = 10.1016/j.neucom.2012.06.023
}}</ref>
 
==Use in sequence alignment==
 
Similarity matrices are used in [[sequence alignment]]. Higher scores are given to more-similar characters, and lower or negative scores for dissimilar characters.
 
[[Nucleotide]] similarity matrices are used to align [[nucleic acid]] sequences. Because there are only four nucleotides commonly found in [[DNA]] ([[Adenine]] (A), [[Cytosine]] (C), [[Guanine]] (G) and [[Thymine]] (T)), nucleotide similarity matrices are much simpler than [[protein]] similarity matrices. For example, a simple matrix will assign identical bases a score of +1 and non-identical bases a score of −1. A more complicated matrix would give a higher score to transitions (changes from a [[pyrimidine]] such as C or T to another pyrimidine, or from a [[purine]] such as A or G to another purine) than to transversions (from a pyrimidine to a purine or vice versa).
The match/mismatch ratio of the matrix sets the target evolutionary distance.<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Methods: a companion to methods in enzymology | volume=3 | issue=1 | pages=66 | year=1991  | author=States, D | title=Improved sensitivity of nucleic acid database searches using application-specific scoring matrices | pmid= | doi = 10.1016/S1046-2023(05)80165-3 | last2=Gish | first2=W | last3=Altschul | first3=S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://informatics.umdnj.edu/bioinformatics/courses/5020/notes/BLOSUM62%20primer.pdf |journal=Nature Biotechnology | title=Where did the BLOSUM62 alignment score matrix come from? | author=Sean R. Eddy | doi=10.1038/nbt0804-1035 | pmid=15286655 | year=2004 | volume=22 | pages=1035 | issue=8}}</ref>  The +1/−3 DNA matrix used by BLASTN is best suited for finding matches between sequences that are 99% identical; a +1/−1  (or +4/−4) matrix is much more suited to sequences with about 70% similarity. Matrices for lower similarity sequences require longer sequence alignments.
 
[[Amino acid]] similarity matrices are more complicated, because there are 20 amino acids coded for by the [[genetic code]], and so a larger number of possible substitutions. Therefore, the similarity matrix for amino acids contains 400 entries (although it is usually [[symmetric matrix|symmetric]]). The first approach scored all amino acid changes equally. A later refinement was to determine amino acid similarities based on how many base changes were required to change a codon to code for that amino acid. This model is better, but it doesn't take into account the selective pressure of amino acid changes. Better models took into account the chemical properties of amino acids.
 
One approach has been to empirically generate the similarity matrices. The [[Margaret Oakley Dayhoff|Dayhoff]] method used phylogenetic trees and sequences taken from species on the tree. This approach has given rise to the [[point accepted mutation|PAM]] series of matrices. PAM matrices are labelled based on how many nucleotide changes have occurred, per 100 amino acids.  
While the PAM matrices benefit from having a well understood evolutionary model, they are most useful at short evolutionary distances (PAM10 - PAM120).  At long evolutionary distances, for example PAM250 or 20% identity, it has been shown that the [[BLOSUM]] matrices are much more effective.
 
The BLOSUM series were generated by comparing a number of divergent sequences. The BLOSUM series are labeled based on how much entropy remains unmutated between all sequences, so a lower BLOSUM number corresponds to a higher PAM number.
 
== See also ==
* [[Recurrence plot]], a visualisation tool of recurrences in dynamical (and other) systems
* [[Self-similarity matrix]]
* [[Similarity testing]]
 
==Notes and references==
<references />
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Similarity Matrix}}
[[Category:Bioinformatics]]
[[Category:DNA]]
[[Category:Matrices]]
[[Category:Computational phylogenetics]]
[[Category:Statistical distance measures]]
[[Category:Multivariate statistics]]

Revision as of 11:14, 24 February 2014

Have we ever heard that somebody mentioned "My computer is getting slower, Assist me?" Are you looking methods on how do I speed up my computer? Are you tired of spending too much time because the loading procedure is actually slow? If you desire to recognize how to boost plus accelerate computer performance, then this short article can aid show we several concepts and tips "What is the cause?" plus How to prevent your computer getting slower?

Before really purchasing the software it is best to check on the companies which create the software. If you could find details on the kind of standing each company has, maybe the risk of malicious programs is reduced. Software from reputed companies have helped me, and other consumers, to create my PC run quicker.. If the product description refuses to look advantageous to you, does not include details about the software, refuses to include the scan functions, you need to go for another 1 that ensures you're paying for what we need.

H/w connected error handling - when hardware causes BSOD installing newest fixes for the hardware and/ or motherboard may enable. We can equally add new hardware that is compatible with the system.

If you feel we don't have enough income at the time to upgrade, then the greatest choice is to free up certain room by deleting a few of the unwelcome files plus folders.

If you are searching for the number one tuneup utilities program, be sure to look for 1 that defragments the registry. It should also scan for assorted aspects, such as invalid paths and invalid shortcuts plus programs. It should additionally identify invalid fonts, check for device driver issues and repair files. Additionally, be sure that it has a scheduler. That means, you are able to set it to scan a system at certain times on certain days. It sounds like a lot, however, it is very absolutely vital.

Active X controls are utilized across the entire spectrum of computer and internet technologies. These controls are called the building blocks of the web plus because the glue that puts it all together. It is a standard which is employed by all programmers to create the internet more valuable plus interactive. Without these control specifications there would basically be no public web.

Your registry is the spot all a significant configurations for hardware, software plus user profile configurations plus needs are stored. Every time one of these elements is changed, the database then starts to expand. Over time, the registry can become bloated with unnecessary files. This causes a general slow down nevertheless inside extreme cases can result important jobs plus programs to stop functioning all together.

Frequently the number one means is to read reports on them and if countless users remark regarding its efficiency, it happens to be probably to be work. The ideal part is the fact that there are numerous top registry cleaners that work; you really have to take your pick.

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