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| '''Phakic intraocular lens''' (PIOL) is a special kind of [[intraocular lens]] that is implanted surgically into the eye to correct [[myopia]] (nearsightedness). They are called "phakic" because the eye's natural lens is left untouched. This is in contrast to intraocular lenses that are implanted into eyes after the eye's natural lens has been removed during [[cataract]] surgery.
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| Phakic intraocular lenses are indicated for patients with high [[refractive error]]s when the usual laser options for surgical correction ([[LASIK]] and [[Photorefractive keratectomy|PRK]]) are contraindicated.<ref name=ao /><ref name=lovisolo>{{cite journal|last=Lovisolo|first=CF|coauthors=Reinstein, DZ|title=Phakic intraocular lenses.|journal=Survey of ophthalmology|date=2005 Nov-Dec|volume=50|issue=6|pages=549–87|pmid=16263370|doi=10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.08.011}}</ref> Current Phakic IOLs are designed to correct high myopia ranging from -5 to -20 [[dioptre|D]] if the patient has enough anterior chamber depth (ACD) of at least 3 mm.<ref name=azar>{{cite book|last=Dimitri T. Azar ; Damien Gatinel|title=Refractive surgery|year=2007|publisher=Mosby Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-03599-6|pages=397–463|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref>
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| Three types of Phakic IOLs are currently available:
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| * [[Angle-supported intraocular lens|Angle-Supported]]
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| * [[Iris-fixated intraocular lens|Iris-Fixated]]
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| * [[Implantable Collamer Lens|Sulcus-Supported]]: [[Implantable Collamer Lens]] (Visian ICL) are a type of sulcus supported phakic intraocular lens used to treat myopia between -3D to -20D and for people between 21–45 years of age.
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| ==Indications==
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| LASIK can correct myopia up to -12 to -14 D. The higher the intended correction the thinner and flatter the cornea will be post-operatively. For LASIK surgery, one has to preserve a safe residual stromal bed of at least 250 [[µm]], preferably 300 µm. Beyond these limits there is an increased risk of developing corneal ectasia (i.e corneal forward bulging) due to thin residual stromal bed which results in loss of visual quality. Due to the risk of [[Aberrations of the eye|higher order aberrations]] there is a current trend toward reducing the upper limits of LASIK and PRK to around -8 to -10 D.<ref name=yanoff />
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| Phakic intraocular lenses are contraindicated in patients who do not have a stable refraction for at least 6 months or are 21 years of age or younger. Preexisting eye disorders such as uveitis are another contraindication.
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| Although PIOLs for [[hyperopia]] are being investigated, there is less enthusiasm for these lenses because the anterior chamber tends to be shallower than in myopic patients.
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| [[Corneal endothelium|Corneal endothelial cell]] count less than 2000-2500 cells/mm² is a relative contraindication for PIOL implantation.<ref name=lovisolo />
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| == Advantages ==
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| PIOLs have the advantage of treating a much larger range of myopic and hyperopic refractive errors than can be safely and effectively treated with corneal refractive surgery. The skills required for insertion are, with a few exceptions, similar to those used in cataract surgery. The equipment is significantly less expensive than an excimer laser and is similar to that used for cataract surgery. In addition, the PIOL is removable; therefore, the refractive effect should theoretically be reversible. However, any intervening damage caused by the PIOL would most likely be permanent. When compared with clear lens extraction, or refractive lens exchange the PIOL has the advantage of preserving natural accommodation and may have a lower risk of postoperative retinal detachment because of the preservation of the crystalline lens and minimal vitreous destabilization.<ref name=ao>{{cite book|title=Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 13: Refractive Surgery|year=2011-2012|publisher=American Academy of Ophthalmology|isbn=978-1615251209|pages=125–136|edition=2011-2012.}}</ref>
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| ==Disadvantages==
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| PIOL insertion is an intraocular procedure. With all surgeries there are associated risks. In addition, each PIOL style has its own set of associated risks. In the
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| case of PIOLs made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), surgical insertion requires a larger incision, which may result in postoperative astigmatism. By comparison, PIOLS made of collamer (a foldable gel-like substance) requires a very small incision due the flexibility of the material and thus significantly reduces astigmatism risk. In the cases where refractive outcomes are not optimal, LASIK can be used for fine-tuning. If a patient eventually develops a visually significant cataract, the PIOL will have to be explanted at the time of cataract surgery, possibly through a larger-than-usual incision.
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| Another concern is progressive shallowing of the anterior chamber which normally occurs with advancing age due to the growth of the eye's natural lens. Multiple studies have shown a 12-17 µm/year decrease in the anterior chamber depth with aging.<ref name=sunjh /><ref name=yanps /> If a phakic IOL patient is assumed to have a 50-year lifespan, the overall decline in ACD may add up to 0.6-0.85 mm, long-term data about the this effect are not available. This concern is more important in [[Implantable collamer lens|ICL]] because it is implanted in the narrowest part of the anterior segment.
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| ==Preoperative evaluation==
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| Anterior chamber depth (ACD, i.e. the distance between the crystalline lens and cornea including the corneal thickness) is required before the surgery and measured with the use of ultrasound.
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| Iris-fixated IOLs are fixated to iris therefore they have the advantage of being one size (8.5 mm).
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| Sulcus-supported IOLs need to be implanted in the ciliary sulcus which may have various diameters among individuals, therefore anterior chamber diameter needs to be measured with a calliper or with the use of eye imaging instruments such as Orbscan and high frequency ultrasound. A calliper and Orbscan measure the external limbus-to-limbus diameter of anterior chamber (white-to-white diameter) which provides an approximate estimation of AC diameter but UBM and OCT offer a more adequate measurement of the sulcus diameter (sulcus-to-sulcus diameter) and should be used when available.<ref name=yanoff />
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| ==Power Calculation==
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| The power of phakic lens is independent of the axial length of the eye. Rather it depends on central corneal power, anterior chamber depth (ACD) and patient refraction (preoperative spherical equivalent). The most common formula for calculating the power of phakic IOL is the following:<ref name=lovisolo/>
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| <math>P= {n \over{n \over K+R}-d}-{n \over{n \over K}-d}</math>
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| P : Power of phakic IOL
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| n : Refractive Index of Aqueous (1336)
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| K : Central corneal power in diopters
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| R : Patient Refraction at the corneal vertex
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| d : Effective lens position in mm
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| The effective lens position is calculated as the difference between the anterior chamber depth and the distance between the PIOL and the crystalline lens. From ultrasonographic examinations of PIOLs, the lens-optic distance shows less variability compared with the cornea-optic distance. Therefore, it is preferable to use measured ACD and subtract it with an ‘optic-lens’ constant to obtain the value of ELP. For the Artisan/Verisyse lens the optic-lens constant is 0.84 mm. The ICL power is calculated using the Olsen-Feingold formula by using a four variable formula modified by a regression analysis of past results.<ref name=azar/>
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| ==Surgical technique==
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| The Artisan (Verisyse) lens is implanted under pharmacological miosis. After creating proper incision the lens is grasped with curved holding forceps and inserted. Once in the anterior chamber and while firmly holding the lens with forceps, temporal and nasal iris tissue is enclavated with a special needle. The operation is completed with an iridectomy and the incision in sutured.
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| The ICL is implanted under pharmacological mydriasis and implanted in the retropupillay position, between the eye's iris and the crystalline lens, using cartridge-injector or forceps.
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| Steroid antibiotic eye drops are usually prescribed for 2–4 weeks after surgery. Regular follow-ups are recommended.<ref name=yanoff />
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| ==Complications==
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| * [[Glare (vision)|Glare]] and [[Halo (optical phenomenon)|halos]] which may cause night time symptoms especially in patients with larger pupil diameters.
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| * [[Cataract]] which is the most crucial concern for the [[Implantable Collamer Lens|Sulcus-Supported PIOLs]]. According to FDA approximately 6% to 7% of eyes develop anterior subcapsular opacities at 7+ years following [[Implantable Collamer Lens]] implantation and 1% to 2% progress to clinically significant cataract during the same period, especially very high myopes and older patients.<ref name=yanoff /><ref name=Sanders>{{cite journal|last=Sanders|first=DR|title=Anterior subcapsular opacities and cataracts 5 years after surgery in the visian implantable collamer lens FDA trial.|journal=Journal of refractive surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995)|date=2008 Jun|volume=24|issue=6|pages=566–70|pmid=18581781}}</ref>
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| * [[Corneal endothelium|Endothelial cell]] loss especially for the anterior chamber PIOLs. A study observed a continual steady loss of endothelial cells of -1.8 % per year.<ref name=yanoff>{{cite book|last=Myron Yanoff, Jay S. Duker|title=Ophthalmology|year=2009|publisher=Mosby Elsevier|location=[Edinburgh]|isbn=978-0-323-04332-8|pages=186–201|edition=3rd ed.}}</ref>
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| * Pigment dispersion may be seen in iris-fixated and sulcus-supported PIOLs due to iris abrasion during pupillary movement.
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| * Other complications include glaucoma and PIOL dislocation or decentration.
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Intraocular Lens]]
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| * [[Refractive surgery]]
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| * [[LASIK]]
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| * [[Implantable collamer lens]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|refs=
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| <ref name=sunjh>{{cite journal|last=Sun|first=JH|coauthors=Sung, KR; Yun, SC; Cheon, MH; Tchah, HW; Kim, MJ; Kim, JY|title=Factors associated with anterior chamber narrowing with age: an optical coherence tomography study.|journal=Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science|date=2012 May|volume=53|issue=6|pages=2607–10|pmid=22467582|doi=10.1167/iovs.11-9359}}</ref>
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| <ref name=yanps>{{cite journal|last=Yan|first=PS|coauthors=Lin, HT; Wang, QL; Zhang, ZP|title=Anterior segment variations with age and accommodation demonstrated by slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography.|journal=Ophthalmology|date=2010 Dec|volume=117|issue=12|pages=2301–7|pmid=20591484|doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.03.027}}</ref>
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| }}
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| [[Category:Corrective lenses]]
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