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{{Infobox block cipher
== Cheap Nike Janoski WHO 2008b ==
| name          = NewDES
| designers    = Robert Scott
| publish date  = 1985
| derived from  =  
| derived to    =
| related to    =
| key size      = 120 bits
| block size    = 64 bits
| structure    =
| rounds        = 17
| cryptanalysis = A [[related-key attack]] succeeds with 2<sup>32</sup> known plaintexts
}}
In [[cryptography]], '''NewDES''' is a [[symmetric key cryptography|symmetric key]] [[block cipher]]. It was created in 1984&ndash;1985 by Robert Scott as a potential [[Data Encryption Standard|DES]] replacement. Despite its name, it is not derived from DES and has a quite different structure. Its intended niche as a DES replacement has now mostly been filled by [[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]]. The algorithm was revised with a modified [[key schedule]] in 1996 to counter a [[related-key attack]]; this version is sometimes referred to as '''NewDES-96'''.


In 2004, Scott posted some comments on [[sci.crypt]] reflecting on the motivation behind NewDES's design and what he might have done differently to make the cipher more secure.<ref>[http://groups.google.com/groups?selm=418062d6.30341101%40news.provide.net]</ref>
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</ul>


==The algorithm==
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NewDES, unlike DES, has no bit-level permutations, making it easy to implement in software. All operations are performed on whole bytes. It is a [[product cipher]], consisting of 17 rounds performed on a 64-bit data block and makes use of a 120-bit [[key (cryptography)|key]]. In each round, subkey material is [[XOR]]ed with the 1-byte sub-blocks of data, then fed through an [[substitution box|S-box]], the output of which is then XORed with another sub-block of data. In total, 8 XORs are performed in each round. The S-box is derived from the [[Declaration of Independence (United States)|United States Declaration of Independence]] (to show that Scott had [[nothing up my sleeve number|nothing up his sleeve]]).


Each set of two rounds uses seven 1-byte subkeys, which are derived by splitting 56 bits of the key into bytes. The key is then rotated 56 bits for use in the next two rounds.
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==Cryptanalysis of NewDES==
  <li>[http://annuncianimali.altervista.org/index.php?page=item&id=133819 http://annuncianimali.altervista.org/index.php?page=item&id=133819]</li>
Only a small amount of [[cryptanalysis]] has been published on NewDES. The designer showed that NewDES exhibits the full [[avalanche effect]] after seven rounds: every [[ciphertext]] bit depends on every [[plaintext]] bit and key bit.
    
 
  <li>[http://annuncianimali.altervista.org/index.php?page=item&id=133815 http://annuncianimali.altervista.org/index.php?page=item&id=133815]</li>
NewDES has the same complementation property that DES has: namely, that if
    
 
  <li>[http://team-impressive.de/index.php?site=news_comments&newsID=148 http://team-impressive.de/index.php?site=news_comments&newsID=148]</li>
:<math>E_K(P)=C,</math>
 
 
  <li>[http://ierode.com/index.php?page=item&id=470387 http://ierode.com/index.php?page=item&id=470387]</li>
then
 
 
  <li>[http://www.214n.com/thread-290816-1-1.html http://www.214n.com/thread-290816-1-1.html]</li>
:<math>E_{\overline{K}}(\overline{P})=\overline{C},</math>
 
 
</ul>
where
 
:<math>\overline{x}</math>
 
is the [[bitwise complement]] of ''x''. This means that the work factor for a [[brute force attack]] is reduced by a factor of 2. [[Eli Biham]] also noticed that changing a full byte in all the key and data bytes leads to another complementation property. This reduces the work factor by 2<sup>8</sup>.
 
Biham's related-key attack can break NewDES with 2<sup>33</sup> chosen-key chosen plaintexts, meaning that NewDES is not as secure as DES.
 
[[John Kelsey (cryptanalyst)|John Kelsey]], [[Bruce Schneier]], and [[David A. Wagner|David Wagner]] used related-key cryptanalysis to develop another attack on NewDES; it requires 2<sup>32</sup> known plaintexts and one related key.<ref>John Kelsey, Bruce Schneier, and David  Wagner. Related-key  cryptanalysis of 3-WAY, Biham-DES, CAST, DES-X, NewDES, RC2, and TEA. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1334, pp233–246, 1997 [http://www.schneier.com/paper-relatedkey.html  (PS or PDF)].</ref>
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
* R. Scott, "Wide Open Encryption Design Offers Flexible Implementations," Cryptologia, v. 9, n. 1, Jan 1985, pp.&nbsp;75–90.
* {{cite book
  | last = Schneier
   | first = Bruce
  | authorlink  = Bruce Schneier
  | title = Applied Cryptography, Second Edition
  | publisher = [[John Wiley & Sons]]
   | year = 1996
  | pages = 306–308
  | isbn = 0-471-11709-9 }}
 
==External links==
* [http://groups.google.com/groups?selm=4hafm9%24r51%40condor.ic.net Revision of NewDES]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20080506105359/http://www.mirrors.wiretapped.net/security/cryptography/algorithms/newdes/ NewDES source code implementations]
 
{{Cryptography navbox | block}}
 
[[Category:Broken block ciphers]]

Latest revision as of 11:52, 20 October 2014

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