Fraunhofer diffraction: Difference between revisions

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{{See also|Lambert's cosine law}}
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{{one source|date=June 2012}}
 
'''Lambertian reflectance''' is the property that defines an ideal [[Diffuse reflection|diffusely reflecting]] surface. The apparent brightness of such a surface to an observer is the same regardless of the observer's angle of view. More technically, the surface's [[luminance]] is [[isotropic]], and the [[luminous intensity]] obeys [[Lambert's cosine law]]. Lambertian reflectance is named after [[Johann Heinrich Lambert]], who introduced the concept of perfect diffusion in his 1760 book ''[[Photometria]]''.
 
==Examples==
Unfinished wood exhibits roughly Lambertian reflectance, but wood finished with a glossy coat of [[polyurethane]] does not, since the glossy coating creates [[specular highlight]]s. Not all rough surfaces are Lambertian reflectors, but this is often a good approximation when the characteristics of the surface are unknown.
 
[[Spectralon]] is a material which is designed to exhibit an almost perfect Lambertian reflectance.
 
==Use in computer graphics==
 
In [[computer graphics]], Lambertian reflection is often used as a model for [[diffuse reflection]]. This technique causes all closed polygons (such as a triangle within a 3D mesh) to reflect light equally in all directions when rendered. In effect, a point rotated around its [[normal vector]] will not change the way it reflects light. However, the point will change the way it reflects light if it is tilted away from its initial normal vector.<ref>{{cite book| last = Angel| first = Edward| title = Interactive Computer Graphics: A Top-Down Approach Using OpenGL| url = http://books.google.com/?id=Fsy_QgAACAAJ| edition = third| year = 2003| publisher = Addison-Wesley| isbn = 978-0-321-31252-5 }}</ref>{{Verify source|date=January 2009}} The reflection is calculated by taking the [[dot product]] of the surface's [[normal vector]], <math>\mathbf{N}</math>, and a normalized light-direction vector, <math>\mathbf{L}</math>, pointing from the surface to the light source. This number is then multiplied by the color of the surface and the intensity of the light hitting the surface:
 
:<math>I_{D}=\mathbf{L}\cdot\mathbf{N} C I_{L}</math>,
 
where <math>I_{D}</math> is the intensity of the diffusely reflected light (surface brightness), <math>C</math> is the color and <math>I_{L}</math> is the intensity of the incoming light. Because
 
:<math>\mathbf{L}\cdot\mathbf{N}=|N||L|\cos{\alpha}=\cos{\alpha}</math>,
 
where <math>\alpha</math> is the angle between the direction of the two vectors, the intensity will be the highest if the normal vector points in the same direction as the light vector (<math>\cos{(0)}=1</math>, the surface will be perpendicular to the direction of the light), and the lowest if the normal vector is perpendicular to the light vector (<math>\cos{(\pi/2)}=0</math>, the surface runs parallel with the direction of the light).
 
Lambertian reflection from polished surfaces are typically accompanied by [[specular reflection]] ([[Gloss (material appearance)|gloss]]), where the surface luminance is highest when the observer is situated at the perfect reflection direction (i.e. where the direction of the reflected light is a reflection of the direction of the incident light in the surface), and falls off sharply. This is simulated in computer graphics with various [[Specular highlight|specular reflection models]] such as [[Phong reflection model|Phong]], [[Cook-Torrance]]. etc.
 
==Other waves==
 
While Lambertian reflectance usually refers to the reflection of light by an object, it can be used to refer to the reflection of any wave.  For example, in [[ultrasound imaging]], "rough" tissues are said to exhibit Lambertian reflectance.
 
==See also==
* [[List of common shading algorithms]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Radiometry]]
[[Category:Photometry]]
[[Category:Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)]]
[[Category:Shading]]

Revision as of 08:59, 21 February 2014

If you have the desire to process settings instantly, loading files instantly, but a body is logy and torpid, what would you do? If you are a giant "switchboard" that is lack of efficient management program and efficient housekeeper, what would we do? If you have send the exact commands to your mind, however the body can not work correctly, what would you do? Yes! You require a full-featured repair registry!

Many of the reliable companies may provide a full cash back guarantee. This signifies which you have the opportunity to receive a income back if you find the registry cleaning has not delivered what you expected.

So what should you look for whenever we compare registry products. Many of the registry cleaners available today, have pretty synonymous qualities. The key ones that we should be interested in are these.

Windows mistakes is caused by any amount of factors, but there's virtually always one cause. There's a hidden piece of the program which is responsible for making 90% of all Windows errors, and it's called the 'registry'. This really is the central database for the system plus is where the computer stores all its system files and settings. It's a important piece of Windows, that is should be capable to function. However, it's also 1 of the largest causes of difficulties on the PC.

After that, I additionally bought the Regtool tuneup utilities Software, plus it further protected my laptop having program crashes. All my registry issues are fixed, and I will function peacefully.

The initial thing you need to do is to reinstall any program that shows the error. It's typical for various computers to have specific programs that require this DLL to show the error when you try plus load it up. If you see a certain system show the error, we must first uninstall that system, restart the PC plus then resinstall the program again. This must substitute the damaged ac1st16.dll file plus cure the error.

Perfect Optimizer is a good Registry Product, changes consistently and has many attributes. Despite its cost, there are which the update are truly worthwhile. They provide plenty of help through phone, send and forums. You would like to pay a visit to the free trial to check it out for oneself.

Registry products have been designed to fix all the broken files inside the system, allowing a computer to read any file it wants, whenever it wants. They work by scanning from the registry plus checking every registry file. If the cleaner sees it is corrupt, then it may substitute it automatically.

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