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:''For computer memory comparisons, see [[computer storage density]]. For other meanings, see [[Density (disambiguation)]]''


The '''area density''' (also known as '''areal density''', '''surface density''', or superficial density) of a two-dimensional object is calculated as the [[mass]] per unit [[area]]. The [[SI]] derived unit is: [[kilogram]] per square metre (kg·m<sup>−2</sup>).


== Formulation ==
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It can be calculated as:
 
:<math> \rho_A = \frac {m} {A} </math>
 
or
 
:<math> \rho_A = \rho \cdot l</math>
 
where
:{|
|-
|''{{math|ρ<sub>A</sub>}}'' ||= average area density
|-
|''{{math|m}}''            ||= total mass of the object
|-
|''{{math|A}}''            ||= total area of the object
|-
|''{{math|ρ}}'' ||= average [[density]]
|-
|''{{math|l}}'' ||= average thickness of the object
|}
 
== Column density ==
A special type of area density is called '''column (mass) density''' (also '''columnar mass density'''), denoted ''ρ''<sub>A</sub> or ''σ''. It is the [[mass]] of [[chemical substance|substance]] per unit [[area]] [[integral|integrated]] along a path;
<ref name="Boeker_vanGrondelle2000">
{{cite book | author=Egbert Boeker and Rienk van Grondelle | title=Environmental Physics | edition=2nd| year=2000 | publisher=Wiley}}
</ref>
It is obtained integrating [[density|volumetric density]] <math>\rho</math> over a column:<ref>{{Cite book  | last1 = Visconti | first1 = Guido | title = Fundamentals of physics and chemistry of the atmosphere | year = 2001 | publisher = Springer | location = Berlin  | isbn = 978-3-540-67420-7 | pages = 470 }}</ref>
:<math>\sigma=\int \rho \; \mathrm d s.</math>
In general the integration path can be slant or oblique incidence (as in, e.g., [[line of sight propogation]] in [[atmospheric physics]]). A common special case is a vertical path, from the bottom to the top of the medium:
:<math>\sigma = \int \rho \; dz</math>
where <math>z</math> denotes the vertical coordinate (e.g., height or depth).
Columnar density <math>\rho_A</math> is closely related to the vertically averaged volumetric density <math>\bar{\rho}</math> as
:<math>\bar{\rho} = \rho_A / \Delta z,</math>
where <math>\Delta z = \int 1 \; dz</math>; notice that <math>\bar{\rho}</math>, <math>\rho_A</math>, and <math>\Delta z</math> have units of, e.g., grams per cubic metre, grams per square metre, and metres, respectively.
 
=== Column number density ===
'''Column number density''' refers instead to a [[number density]] type of quantity: the number or count of a substance—rather than the mass—per unit area integrated along a path:
:<math>
N=\int n \; \mathrm d s.
</math>
 
==Usage==
 
===Atmospheric physics===
It is a quantity commonly retrieved by [[remote sensing]] instruments, for instance the [[Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer]] (TOMS) which retrieves ozone columns around the globe. Columns are also returned by the [[differential absorption spectroscopy|differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS)]] method
<ref name="Sinreich_etal2008">
{{cite news |author=R. Sinreich, U. Frieß, T. Wagner, S. Yilmaz and U. Platt| title=Retrieval of Aerosol Distributions by Multi-Axis Differential Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) |journal=Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols| year=2008 | pages= 1145–1149 | DOI=10.1007/978-1-4020-6475-3_227}}
</ref>
and are a common retrieval product from [[nadir]]-looking [[microwave]] [[radiometers]].
<ref name="Melseimer_Heygster2008">
{{cite news | author=C. Melsheimer and G. Heygster | year=2008|
title=Improved retrieval of total water vapor over polar regions from [[Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit|AMSU]]-B microwave radiometer data|
journal=IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.|volume=46|number=8| pages=2307–2322|doi=10.1109/TGRS.2008.918013}}
</ref>
<ref name="Melseimer_etal2009">
{{cite news|author=C. Melsheimer, G. Heygster, N. Mathew and L. Toudal Pedersen | year=2009|
title=Retrieval of Sea Ice Emissivity and Integrated Retrieval of Surface and Atmospheric Parameters over the Arctic from [[AMSR]]-E data| journal=J. of the Remote Sens. Soc. of Japan | volume=29|number=1| pages= 236–241}}
</ref>
 
A closely related concept is that of ice or [[liquid water path]], which specifies the volume per unit area or depth instead of mass per unit area, thus the two are related:
 
:<math>
P = \frac{\sigma}{\rho_0}
</math>,
 
Another closely related concept is [[optical depth]].
 
===Astronomy===
{{expand section|date=October 2013}}
 
===Other===
The area density is often used to describe the thickness of paper, e.g. 80&nbsp;g/m<sup>2</sup> is very common. It is also an important quantity for the [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|absorption of radiation]]. When studying bodies falling through air, area density is important because resistance depends on area, and gravitational force is dependent on mass.
 
[[Bone density]] may be measured in grams per square centimetre (g·cm<sup>−2</sup>).
 
The [[body mass index]] is in terms of area density.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}<!-- See talk page -->
 
The [[total electron content]] in the ionosphere is a quantity of type columnar number density.
 
[[Snow water equivalent]] is a quantity of type columnar mass density.
 
==See also==
* [[Paper density]]
 
==References==
<references/>
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Area Density}}
[[Category:Atmospheric sciences]]
[[Category:Density]]
[[Category:Classical mechanics]]

Latest revision as of 23:01, 5 January 2015


You start in a pair of one's lovely island where ones own peaceful village is having beaches and woods till the enemies known just like the BlackGuard led by Lieutenant Hammerman invades your island. After managing to guard against a tiny bit invasion force, he provides avenge his loss appearing in battle.

Video games are fun to explore your kids. This helps you learn much more info on your kid's interests. Sharing interests with children like this can likewise create great conversations. It also gives an opportunity to monitor continuing development of their skills.

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