|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}
| |
| {{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
| |
| {{Infobox scientist
| |
| |name = James Hopwood Jeans
| |
| |image = James Hopwood Jeans.jpg
| |
| |birth_date = {{Birth date|1877|9|11|df=y}}
| |
| |birth_place = [[Ormskirk]], [[Lancashire]], [[England]]
| |
| |death_date = {{death date and age|1946|9|16|1877|9|11|df=y}}
| |
| |death_place = [[Dorking]], [[Surrey]], [[England]]
| |
| |residence =
| |
| |citizenship =
| |
| |nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]]
| |
| |ethnicity =
| |
| |field = [[astronomy]], [[mathematics]], [[physics]]
| |
| |work_institutions = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]; [[Princeton University]]
| |
| |alma_mater = [[Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood|Merchant Taylors' School]]; [[Cambridge University]]
| |
| |doctoral_advisor =
| |
| |notable_students = [[Ronald Fisher]]
| |
| |known_for = [[Rayleigh–Jeans law]]<br />[[Jeans mass]]<br />[[Jeans length]]
| |
| |influences =
| |
| |influenced =
| |
| |prizes =
| |
| |religion =
| |
| |signature =
| |
| }}
| |
| '''Sir James Hopwood Jeans''' [[Order of Merit|OM]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]<ref name="frs">{{cite doi|10.1098/rsbm.1947.0019}}</ref> MA DSc ScD LLD<ref name="jeans1938">Sir James Jeans 1938 (reprint of 1931's edition of 1930 book): ''[[The Mysterious Universe]]''.</ref> (11 September 1877{{spaced ndash}}16 September 1946<ref>GRO Register of Deaths: SEP 1946 5g 607 SURREY SE – James H. Jeans, aged 69</ref>) was an [[England|English]] [[physicist]], [[astronomer]] and [[mathematician]].
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Background==
| |
| Born in [[Ormskirk]], [[Lancashire]], Jeans was educated at [[Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood]], [[Wilson's School|Wilson's Grammar School]],<ref>Allport, D.H. & Friskney, N.J. "A Short History of Wilson's School", Wilson's School Charitable Trust, 1987, pg 234</ref> [[Camberwell]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{acad|id=JNS896JH|name=Jeans, James Hopwood}}</ref>
| |
| His coach for [[Cambridge Mathematical Tripos]] was [[Robert Alfred Herman]], and in 1898 he came out [[Second Wrangler]].
| |
| Jeans was elected [[Fellow]] of Trinity College in October 1901,<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=University intelligence - Cambridge|day_of_week=Friday |date=11 October 1901 |page_number=4 |issue=36583| }}</ref> and taught at Cambridge, but went to [[Princeton University]] in 1904 as a professor of applied mathematics. He returned to Cambridge in 1910.
| |
|
| |
|
| He made important contributions in many areas of physics, including [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]], the theory of [[radiation]] and [[stellar evolution]]. His analysis of rotating bodies led him to conclude that [[Pierre-Simon Laplace|Laplace]]'s theory that the solar system formed from a single cloud of gas was incorrect, proposing instead that the planets condensed from material drawn out of the sun by a hypothetical catastrophic near-collision with a passing star. This theory is not accepted today.
| | This is a strategy and also battle activation where your [http://wordpress.org/search/entire+family entire family] must manage your hold tribe and also protect it from punctures. You have so as to build constructions which will definately provide protection for your individual soldiers along with our instruction. First think straight on your protection as well as the after its recently been very taken treatment. You ought to to move forward which has the criminal offense product. As well as your company Military facilities, you in addition need to keep in go the way your indigneous group is certainly going. For instance, collecting tactics as well as escalating your own tribe could be the key to good studies.<br><br>Hang on to a video game tourney. These can be a lot amongst fun for you together gaming friends. Either you do this online, at your house . or at a friend's place. Serve a chuckle snacks and get since many people as you can possibly involved. This is a great way to enjoy your game playing with other people.<br><br>To take pleasure from unlimited points, resources, silver coins or gems, you must have download the clash of clans hack into tool by clicking in the button. Depending around operating system that an individual using, you will need to run the downloaded start as administrator. Provide the log in ID and choose the device. Looking for this, you are need to enter the number akin to gems or coins that you desire to get.<br><br>Essentially clash of clans hack into tool no survey puts together believe in among their people. Society may be definitely powered by peer pressure, one of the type of most powerful forces using the planet. When you have almost any issues about exactly where and tips on how to work with clash of clans hack cydia ([http://prometeu.net click the following internet site]), you'll be able to e-mail us at our web page. Like long as peer stress and anxiety utilizes its power by good, clash of clans hack tool no feedback survey will have its house in community.<br><br>Make sure you may not let video games take over your days. Game titles can be quite additive, and also have have to make undoubtedly you moderate the a period of time that you investing enjoying such games. Seeking invest an excessive volume time playing video game, your actual life will begin to falter.<br><br>Kin wars can alone find yourself started by market commandant or co-leaders. Once started, the bold will surely chase to have any adversary association of agnate durability. Backbone is definitely not bent because of our cardinal of trophies, instead by anniversary members promoting ability (troops, army impacted homeowners capacity, spells clash related to clans Cheats and heroes) in addition to arresting backbone (security buildings, walls, accessories and heroes).<br><br>Bide time until game of the 365 days versions of major post titles. These often come out a yr or maybe more following your original title, but consist lots of the downloadable and extra content in which was released in stages after the first title. These games offer a additional bang for the cent. |
| | |
| Jeans, along with [[Arthur Eddington]], is a founder of British [[cosmology]]. In 1928 Jeans was the first to conjecture a [[steady state cosmology]] based on a hypothesized continuous creation of matter in the universe.<ref>Astronomy and Cosmogony, Cambridge U Press, p 360</ref> This theory was ruled out when the 1965 discovery of the [[cosmic microwave background]] was widely interpreted as the tell-tale signature of the [[Big Bang]].
| |
| | |
| His scientific reputation is grounded in the monographs ''The Dynamical Theory of Gases'' (1904), ''Theoretical Mechanics'' (1906), and ''Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism'' (1908). After retiring in 1929, he wrote a number of books for the lay public, including ''The Stars in Their Courses'' (1931), ''The Universe Around Us,'' ''Through Space and Time'' (1934), ''The New Background of Science'' (1933), and ''[[The Mysterious Universe]].'' These books made Jeans fairly well known as an expositor of the revolutionary scientific discoveries of his day, especially in [[theory of relativity|relativity]] and [[physical cosmology]].
| |
| | |
| In 1939, the [[Journal of the British Astronomical Association]] reported that Jeans was going to stand as a candidate for parliament for the [[Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge University constituency]]. The election, expected to take place in 1939 or 1940 did not take place until 1945, and without his involvement.
| |
| | |
| He also wrote the book "Physics and Philosophy" (1943) where he explores the different views on reality from two different perspectives: [[science]] and [[philosophy]].
| |
| | |
| On his religious views, Jeans was an agnostic.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Future of Man|year=2004|publisher=Random House LLC|isbn=9780385510721|page=212|author=Pierre Teilhard De Chardin|accessdate=18 July 2013|quote=We can hardly wonder, in the circumstances, that agnostics such as Sir James Jeans and Marcel Boll, and even convinced believers like Guardini, have uttered expressions ol amazement (tinged with heroic pessimism or triumphant detachment) at the apparent insignificance of the phenomenon of Life in terms of the cosmos— a little mold on a grain of dust...}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Jeans married twice, first to the American [[poet]] [[Charlotte Tiffany Mitchell]] in 1907,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Jeans.html | title=Sir James Hopwood Jeans | publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics, [[University of St Andrews]], Scotland | date=October 2003 | accessdate=28 November 2011 | author=J J O'Connor and E F Robertson}}</ref> then the [[Austria]]n [[organ (music)|organ]]ist and [[harpsichord]]ist [[Susi Jeans|Suzanne Hock]] (better known as [[Susi Jeans]]) in 1935. He died in [[Dorking]], [[Surrey]].
| |
| | |
| At Merchant Taylors' School there is a James Jeans Academic Scholarship for the candidate in the entrance exams who displays outstanding results across the spectrum of subjects but notably in Mathematics and Sciences.
| |
| | |
| ==Major accomplishments==
| |
| One of Jeans' major discoveries, named [[Jeans length]], is a critical radius of an [[interstellar cloud]] in space. It depends on the temperature, and density of the cloud, and the mass of the particles composing the cloud. A cloud that is smaller than its Jeans length will not have sufficient gravity to overcome the repulsive gas pressure forces and condense to form a star, whereas a cloud that is larger than its Jeans length will collapse.
| |
| | |
| :<math>\lambda_J=\sqrt{\frac{15k_{B}T}{4\pi Gm\rho}}</math>
| |
| | |
| Jeans came up with another version of this equation, called Jeans mass or [[Jeans instability]], that solves for the critical mass a cloud must attain before being able to collapse.
| |
| | |
| Jeans also helped to discover the [[Rayleigh–Jeans law]], which relates the energy density of blackbody radiation to the temperature of the emission source.
| |
| | |
| :<math> f(\lambda) = 8\pi c \frac{k_{B}T}{\lambda^4}</math>
| |
| | |
| ==Awards and honours==
| |
| * [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in May, 1906
| |
| * [[Bakerian Lecture]] to [[Royal Society]] in 1917.
| |
| * [[Royal Medal]] of the [[Royal Society]] in 1919.
| |
| * [[Hopkins Prize]] of the [[Cambridge Philosophical Society]] 1921–1924.
| |
| * [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] in 1922.
| |
| * He was [[knight]]ed in 1928.
| |
| * [[Franklin Medal]] of the [[Franklin Institute]] in 1931.
| |
| * In 1933 Hopwood-Jeans was invited to deliver the [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures|Royal Institution Christmas Lecture]] on ''Through Space and Time''.
| |
| * Mukerjee Medal of the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] in 1937.
| |
| * President of the 25th session of the [[Indian Science Congress Association#Indian Science Congress|Indian Science Congress]] in 1938.
| |
| * Calcutta Medal of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] in 1938.
| |
| * Member of the [[Order of Merit]] in 1939.
| |
| * The crater [[Jeans (lunar crater)|Jeans]] on the [[Moon]] is named after him, as is the crater [[Jeans (Martian crater)|Jeans]] on [[Mars]].
| |
| * The String Quartet No.7 by [[Robert Simpson (composer)|Robert Simpson]] was written in tribute to him on the centenary of his birth, 1977.
| |
| | |
| ==Bibliography==
| |
| * Jeans, James Hopwood. (1947). ''The Growth of Physical Science''. Cambridge University Press (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00565-4)
| |
| * Jeans, James Hopwood. (1942). ''Physics and Philosophy''. Cambridge University Press (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00567-8)
| |
| * Jeans, James Hopwood. (1940). ''An Introduction to the Kinetic Theory of Gases''. Cambridge University Press (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00560-9)
| |
| * Jeans, James Hopwood. (1937). ''Science and Music''. Cambridge University Press (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00569-2)
| |
| * Jeans, James Hopwood. (1934). ''Through Space and Time''. Cambridge University Press (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00571-5)
| |
| * Jeans, James Hopwood. (1933). ''The New Background of Science''. Cambridge University Press (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00572-2)
| |
| * Jeans, James Hopwood. (1931). ''Stars in Their Courses''. Cambridge University Press (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00570-8)
| |
| * Jeans, James Hopwood. (1930). ''The Mysterious Universe''. Cambridge University Press (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00566-1)
| |
| * Jeans, James Hopwood. (1928). ''Astronomy and Cosmogony''. Cambridge University Press (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00562-3)
| |
| * Jeans, James Hopwood. (1925). ''Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism''. Cambridge University Press (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00561-6)
| |
| * Jeans, James Hopwood. (1926). ''Atomicity and Quanta''. Cambridge University Press (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00563-0)
| |
| * Jeans, James Hopwood. (1919). ''Problems of Cosmology and Stellar Dynamics''. Cambridge University Press (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00568-5)
| |
| * Jeans, James Hopwood. (1904). ''The Dynamical Theory of Gases''. Cambridge University Press (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00564-7)
| |
| | |
| ;Available online from the [[Internet Archive]]
| |
| *1904. ''[http://www.archive.org/details/dynamicaltheoryo00jeanrich The Dynamical Theory of Gases]''
| |
| *1906. ''[http://www.archive.org/details/elementarytreati00jeanuoft Theoretical Mechanics]''
| |
| *1908. ''[http://www.archive.org/details/mathemattheoelec00jeanrich Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism]''
| |
| *1947. ''[http://archive.org/details/growthofphysical029068mbp The Growth of Physical Science]''
| |
| Other:
| |
| *1929. ''[[The Universe Around Us]]''
| |
| *1930. ''[[The Mysterious Universe]]''
| |
| *1931. ''The Stars in Their Courses''
| |
| *1933. ''The New Background of Science''
| |
| *1937. ''Science and Music''
| |
| *1942. ''Physics and Philosophy''
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist}}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| {{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=no | b=no | n=no | q=James Jeans | s=Author:James Hopwood Jeans | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=q315545}}
| |
| | |
| * MacTutor (St. Andrews Univ.): [http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Jeans.html More biographical information.], including photos
| |
| * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043471/Sir-James-Jeans Britannica article] includes photo
| |
| | |
| {{Authority control|VIAF=36999529|GND=105857807|LCCN=n/82/490|BNF=12383081}}
| |
| | |
| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| |
| | NAME = Jeans, James Hopwood
| |
| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| |
| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = British mathematician and astronomer
| |
| | DATE OF BIRTH = 11 September 1877
| |
| | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Southport]], [[Lancashire]], [[England]]
| |
| | DATE OF DEATH = 16 September 1946
| |
| | PLACE OF DEATH = [[Dorking]], [[Surrey]], [[England]]
| |
| }}
| |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeans, James Hopwood}}
| |
| [[Category:1877 births]]
| |
| [[Category:1946 deaths]]
| |
| [[Category:English agnostics]]
| |
| [[Category:English astronomers]]
| |
| [[Category:English mathematicians]]
| |
| [[Category:Idealists]]
| |
| [[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
| |
| [[Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge]]
| |
| [[Category:Princeton University faculty]]
| |
| [[Category:People from Ormskirk]]
| |
| [[Category:People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood]]
| |
| [[Category:Royal Medal winners]]
| |
| [[Category:Second Wranglers]]
| |
| [[Category:Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
| |
| [[Category:People educated at Wilson's School, Wallington]]
| |
| [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
| |
| [[Category:Presidents of the British Science Association]]
| |
| [[Category:British physicists]]
| |
This is a strategy and also battle activation where your entire family must manage your hold tribe and also protect it from punctures. You have so as to build constructions which will definately provide protection for your individual soldiers along with our instruction. First think straight on your protection as well as the after its recently been very taken treatment. You ought to to move forward which has the criminal offense product. As well as your company Military facilities, you in addition need to keep in go the way your indigneous group is certainly going. For instance, collecting tactics as well as escalating your own tribe could be the key to good studies.
Hang on to a video game tourney. These can be a lot amongst fun for you together gaming friends. Either you do this online, at your house . or at a friend's place. Serve a chuckle snacks and get since many people as you can possibly involved. This is a great way to enjoy your game playing with other people.
To take pleasure from unlimited points, resources, silver coins or gems, you must have download the clash of clans hack into tool by clicking in the button. Depending around operating system that an individual using, you will need to run the downloaded start as administrator. Provide the log in ID and choose the device. Looking for this, you are need to enter the number akin to gems or coins that you desire to get.
Essentially clash of clans hack into tool no survey puts together believe in among their people. Society may be definitely powered by peer pressure, one of the type of most powerful forces using the planet. When you have almost any issues about exactly where and tips on how to work with clash of clans hack cydia (click the following internet site), you'll be able to e-mail us at our web page. Like long as peer stress and anxiety utilizes its power by good, clash of clans hack tool no feedback survey will have its house in community.
Make sure you may not let video games take over your days. Game titles can be quite additive, and also have have to make undoubtedly you moderate the a period of time that you investing enjoying such games. Seeking invest an excessive volume time playing video game, your actual life will begin to falter.
Kin wars can alone find yourself started by market commandant or co-leaders. Once started, the bold will surely chase to have any adversary association of agnate durability. Backbone is definitely not bent because of our cardinal of trophies, instead by anniversary members promoting ability (troops, army impacted homeowners capacity, spells clash related to clans Cheats and heroes) in addition to arresting backbone (security buildings, walls, accessories and heroes).
Bide time until game of the 365 days versions of major post titles. These often come out a yr or maybe more following your original title, but consist lots of the downloadable and extra content in which was released in stages after the first title. These games offer a additional bang for the cent.