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{{mergeto|Model checking|date=January 2011}}
{{essay|date=January 2011}}
In finite-state [[Intelligent verification|verification]], [[Model checking|model checkers]] examine [[finite-state machine]]s representing concurrent [[software]] systems looking for errors in [[design]].  Errors are defined as violations of requirements expressed as properties of the system. In the event that the finite-state machine fails to satisfy the property, a model checker is in some cases capable of producing a counterexample – an execution of the system demonstrating how the error occurs.


Property [[specification]]s are often written as [[Linear temporal logic|Linear Temporal Logic]] (LTL) expressions.  Once a [[Requirements|requirement]] is expressed as an LTL [[formula]], a model checker can automatically verify this property against the model.


==Example==
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One example of such a system requirement: 
''Between the time an elevator is called at a floor and the time it opens its doors at that floor, the elevator can arrive at that floor at most twice''.<ref>M. Dwyer, G. Avruin, J. Corbett, Y. Hu, "Patterns in Property Specification for Finite-State Verification." In M. Ardis, editor, ''Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Formal Methods in Software Practice'', pages 7–15, March 1998.</ref>  The authors of "Patterns in Property Specification for Finite-State Verification" translate this requirement into the following LTL formula:
 
:<math>\begin{align}\Box((call \lor \Diamond open) \to  
& ((\lnot atfloor \lor \lnot open) ~\mathcal{U}  \\
& (open \lor ((atfloor \land \lnot open) ~\mathcal{U}\\
& (open \lor ((\lnot atfloor \land \lnot open) ~\mathcal{U} \\
& (open \lor ((atfloor \land \lnot open) ~\mathcal{U} \\
& (open \lor (\lnot atfloor ~\mathcal{U}~ open)))))))))))\end{align}</math>
 
<!-- [[Image:ElevatorLTL.JPG|none|center]] -->
 
== See also ==
*[[Finite-state machine]]s
*[[Formal methods]]
*[[Formal verification]]
*[[Kripke structure]]
*[[Linear temporal logic]]
*[[Model checking]]
*[[Temporal logic]]
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Bibliography ==
# Z. Manna and [[Amir Pnueli]], ''The Temporal Logic of Reactive and Concurrent Systems: Specification'', [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]], New York, 1991.
# [[Amir Pnueli]], The Temporal Logic of Programs. In ''Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS 1977)'', pages 46–57, 1977.
 
[[Category:Temporal logic|Finite State Verification]]
[[Category:Model checking]]
[[Category:Automata theory]]

Revision as of 01:13, 21 February 2014


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