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| In [[category theory]], a branch of [[mathematics]], a '''Grothendieck topology''' is a structure on a category ''C'' which makes the objects of ''C'' act like the [[open set]]s of a [[topological space]]. A category together with a choice of Grothendieck topology is called a '''site'''.
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| Grothendieck topologies axiomatize the notion of an [[open cover]]. Using the notion of covering provided by a Grothendieck topology, it becomes possible to define [[Sheaf (mathematics)|sheaves]] on a category and their [[cohomology]]. This was first done in [[algebraic geometry]] and [[algebraic number theory]] by [[Alexander Grothendieck]] to define the [[étale cohomology]] of a [[scheme (mathematics)|scheme]]. It has been used to define other cohomology theories since then, such as [[l-adic cohomology]], [[flat cohomology]], and [[crystalline cohomology]]. While Grothendieck topologies are most often used to define cohomology theories, they have found other applications as well, such as to [[John Tate]]'s theory of [[rigid analytic geometry]].
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| There is a natural way to associate a site to an ordinary [[topological space]], and Grothendieck's theory is loosely regarded as a generalization of classical topology. Under meager point-set hypotheses, namely [[sober space|sobriety]], this is completely accurate—it is possible to recover a sober space from its associated site. However simple examples such as the [[indiscrete topology|indiscrete topological space]] show that not all topological spaces can be expressed using Grothendieck topologies. Conversely, there are Grothendieck topologies which do not come from topological spaces.
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| == Introduction ==
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| {{main|History of topos theory}}
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| [[André Weil]]'s famous [[Weil conjectures]] proposed that certain properties of equations with integral coefficients should be understood as geometric properties of the [[algebraic variety]] that they define. His conjectures postulated that there should be a [[cohomology]] theory of algebraic varieties which gave number-theoretic information about their defining equations. This cohomology theory was known as the "Weil cohomology", but using the tools he had available, Weil was unable to construct it.
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| In the early 1960s, Alexander Grothendieck introduced [[étale map]]s into algebraic geometry as algebraic analogues of local analytic isomorphisms in [[analytic geometry]]. He used étale coverings to define an algebraic analogue of the [[fundamental group]] of a topological space. Soon [[Jean-Pierre Serre]] noticed that some properties of étale coverings mimicked those of [[open immersion]]s, and that consequently it was possible to make constructions which imitated the [[cohomology|cohomology functor]] ''H''<sup>1</sup>. Grothendieck saw that it would be possible to use Serre's idea to define a cohomology theory which he suspected would be the Weil cohomology. To define this cohomology theory, Grothendieck needed to replace the usual, topological notion of an open covering with one that would use étale coverings instead. Grothendieck also saw how to phrase the definition of covering abstractly; this is where the definition of a Grothendieck topology comes from.
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| == Definition ==
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| === Motivation ===
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| The classical definition of a sheaf begins with a topological space ''X''. A sheaf associates information to the open sets of ''X''. This information can be phrased abstractly by letting ''O''(''X'') be the category whose objects are the open subsets ''U'' of ''X'' and whose morphisms are the inclusion maps ''V'' → ''U'' of open sets ''U'' and ''V'' of ''X''. We will call such maps ''open immersions'', just as in the context of [[scheme (mathematics)|scheme]]s. Then a presheaf on ''X'' is a [[contravariant functor]] from ''O''(''X'') to the category of sets, and a sheaf is a presheaf which satisfies the [[gluing axiom]]. The gluing axiom is phrased in terms of [[Cover (topology)|pointwise covering]], i.e., {''U<sub>i</sub>''} covers ''U'' if and only if <math> \cup</math><sub>i</sub> ''U<sub>i</sub>'' = ''U''. In this definition, ''U<sub>i</sub>'' is an open subset of ''X''. Grothendieck topologies replace each ''U<sub>i</sub>'' with an entire family of open subsets; in this example, ''U<sub>i</sub>'' is replaced by the family of all open immersions ''V<sub>ij</sub>'' → ''U<sub>i</sub>''. Such a collection is called a ''sieve''. Pointwise covering is replaced by the notion of a ''covering family''; in the above example, the set of all {''V<sub>ij</sub>'' → ''U<sub>i</sub>''}<sub>''j''</sub> as ''i'' varies is a covering family of ''U''. Sieves and covering families can be axiomatized, and once this is done open sets and pointwise covering can be replaced by other notions which describe other properties of the space ''X''.
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| === Sieves ===
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| In a Grothendieck topology, the notion of a collection of open subsets of ''U'' stable under inclusion is replaced by the notion of a [[sieve (category theory)|sieve]]. If ''c'' is any given object in ''C'', a '''sieve''' on ''c'' is a [[subfunctor]] of the functor Hom(−, ''c''); (this is the [[Yoneda embedding]] applied to ''c''). In the case of ''O''(''X''), a sieve ''S'' on an open set ''U'' selects a collection of open subsets of ''U'' which is stable under inclusion. More precisely, consider that for any open subset ''V'' of ''U'', ''S''(''V'') will be a subset of Hom(''V'', ''U''), which has only one element, the open immersion ''V'' → ''U''. Then ''V'' will be considered "selected" by ''S'' if and only if ''S''(''V'') is nonempty. If ''W'' is a subset of ''V'', then there is a morphism ''S''(''V'') → ''S''(''W'') given by composition with the inclusion ''W'' → ''V''. If ''S''(''V'') is non-empty, it follows that ''S''(''W'') is also non-empty.
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| If ''S'' is a sieve on ''X'', and ''f'': ''Y'' → ''X'' is a morphism, then left composition by ''f'' gives a sieve on ''Y'' called the '''[[pullback]] of''' ''S'' '''along''' ''f'', denoted by ''f''<sup><math>^\ast</math></sup>''S''. It is defined as the [[fibered product]] ''S'' ×<sub>Hom(−, ''X'')</sub> Hom(−, ''Y'') together with its natural embedding in Hom(−, ''Y''). More concretely, for each object ''Z'' of ''C'', ''f''<sup><math>^\ast</math></sup>''S''(''Z'') = { ''g'': ''Z'' → ''Y'' | ''fg'' <math>\in</math>''S''(''Z'') }, and ''f''<sup><math>^\ast</math></sup>''S'' inherits its action on morphisms by being a subfunctor of Hom(−, ''Y''). In the classical example, the pullback of a collection {''V''<sub>i</sub>} of subsets of ''U'' along an inclusion ''W'' → ''U'' is the collection {''V''<sub>i</sub>∩W}.
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| === Grothendieck topology ===
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| A '''Grothendieck topology''' ''J'' on a category ''C'' is a collection, ''for each object c of C'', of distinguished sieves on ''c'', denoted by ''J''(''c'') and called '''covering sieves''' of ''c''. This selection will be subject to certain axioms, stated below. Continuing the previous example, a sieve ''S'' on an open set ''U'' in ''O''(''X'') will be a covering sieve if and only if the union of all the open sets ''V'' for which ''S''(''V'') is nonempty equals ''U''; in other words, if and only if ''S'' gives us a collection of open sets which [[Cover (topology)|cover]] ''U'' in the classical sense.
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| ==== Axioms ====
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| The conditions we impose on a Grothendieck topology are:
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| * (T 1) (Base change) If ''S'' is a covering sieve on ''X'', and ''f'': ''Y'' → ''X'' is a morphism, then the pullback ''f''<sup><math>^\ast</math></sup>''S'' is a covering sieve on ''Y''.
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| * (T 2) (Local character) Let ''S'' be a covering sieve on ''X'', and let ''T'' be any sieve on ''X''. Suppose that for each object ''Y'' of ''C'' and each arrow ''f'': ''Y'' → ''X'' in ''S''(''Y''), the pullback sieve ''f''<sup><math>^\ast</math></sup>''T'' is a covering sieve on ''Y''. Then ''T'' is a covering sieve on ''X''.
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| * (T 3) (Identity) Hom(−, ''X'') is a covering sieve on ''X'' for any object ''X'' in ''C''.
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| The base change axiom corresponds to the idea that if {<math>U_i</math>} covers ''U'', then {''U<sub>i</sub>'' ∩ ''V''} should cover ''U'' ∩ ''V''. The local character axiom corresponds to the idea that if {''U<sub>i</sub>''} covers ''U'' and {''V<sub>ij</sub>''}<sub>''j <math>\in</math>J<sub>i</sub>''</sub> covers ''U<sub>i</sub>'' for each ''i'', then the collection {''V<sub>ij</sub>''} for all ''i'' and ''j'' should cover ''U''. Lastly, the identity axiom corresponds to the idea that any set is covered by all its possible subsets.
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| ==== Grothendieck pretopologies ====
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| In fact, it is possible to put these axioms in another form where their geometric character is more apparent, assuming that the underlying category ''C'' contains certain fibered products. In this case, instead of specifying sieves, we can specify that certain collections of maps with a common codomain should cover their codomain. These collections are called '''covering families'''. If the collection of all covering families satisfies certain axioms, then we say that they form a '''Grothendieck pretopology'''. These axioms are:
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| * (PT 0) (Existence of fibered products) For all objects ''X'' of ''C'', and for all morphisms ''X''<sub>0</sub> → ''X'' which appear in some covering family of ''X'', and for all morphisms ''Y'' → ''X'', the fibered product ''X''<sub>0</sub> ×<sub>''X''</sub> ''Y'' exists.
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| * (PT 1) (Stability under base change) For all objects ''X'' of ''C'', all morphisms ''Y'' → ''X'', and all covering families {''X''<sub>α</sub> → ''X''}, the family {''X''<sub>α</sub> ×<sub>''X''</sub> ''Y'' → ''Y''} is a covering family.
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| * (PT 2) (Local character) If {''X''<sub>α</sub> → ''X''} is a covering family, and if for all α, {''X''<sub>βα</sub> → ''X''<sub>α</sub>} is a covering family, then the family of composites {''X''<sub>βα</sub> → ''X''<sub>α</sub> → ''X''} is a covering family.
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| * (PT 3) (Isomorphisms) If ''f'': ''Y'' → ''X'' is an isomorphism, then {''f''} is a covering family.
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| For any pretopology, the collection of all sieves that contain a covering family from the pretopology is always a Grothendieck topology.
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| For categories with fibered products, there is a converse. Given a collection of arrows {''X''<sub>α</sub> → ''X''}, we construct a sieve ''S'' by letting ''S''(''Y'') be the set of all morphisms ''Y'' → ''X'' that factor through some arrow ''X''<sub>α</sub> → ''X''. This is called the sieve '''generated by''' {''X''<sub>α</sub> → ''X''}. Now choose a topology. Say that {''X''<sub>α</sub> → ''X''} is a covering family if and only if the sieve that it generates is a covering sieve for the given topology. It is easy to check that this defines a pretopology.
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| (PT 3) is sometimes replaced by a weaker axiom:
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| * (PT 3') (Identity) If ''1''<sub>''X''</sub> : ''X'' → ''X'' is the identity arrow, then {''1''<sub>''X''</sub>} is a covering family.
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| (PT 3) implies (PT 3'), but not conversely. However, suppose that we have a collection of covering families that satisfies (PT 0) through (PT 2) and (PT 3'), but not (PT 3). These families generate a pretopology. The topology generated by the original collection of covering families is then the same as the topology generated by the pretopology, because the sieve generated by an isomorphism ''Y'' → ''X'' is Hom(−, ''X''). Consequently, if we restrict our attention to topologies, (PT 3) and (PT 3') are equivalent.
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| == Sites and sheaves ==
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| {{see also|Topos}}
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| Let ''C'' be a category and let ''J'' be a Grothendieck topology on ''C''. The pair (''C'', ''J'') is called a '''site'''.
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| A '''[[presheaf (category theory)|presheaf]]''' on a category is a contravariant functor from ''C'' to the category of all sets. Note that for this definition ''C'' is not required to have a topology. A sheaf on a site, however, should allow gluing, just like sheaves in classical topology. Consequently, we define a '''sheaf''' on a site to be a presheaf ''F'' such that for all objects ''X'' and all covering sieves ''S'' on ''X'', the natural map Hom(Hom(−, ''X''), ''F'') → Hom(''S'', ''F''), induced by the inclusion of ''S'' into Hom(−, ''X''), is a bijection. Halfway in between a presheaf and a sheaf is the notion of a '''separated presheaf''', where the natural map above is required to be only an injection, not a bijection, for all sieves ''S''. A '''morphism''' of presheaves or of sheaves is a natural transformation of functors. The category of all sheaves on ''C'' is the '''topos''' defined by the site (''C'', ''J'').
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| Using the [[Yoneda lemma]], it is possible to show that a presheaf on the category ''O''(''X'') is a sheaf on the topology defined above if and only if it is a sheaf in the classical sense.
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| Sheaves on a pretopology have a particularly simple description: For each covering family {''X''<sub>α</sub> → ''X''}, the diagram
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| :<math>F(X) \rightarrow \prod_{\alpha\in A} F(X_\alpha) {{{} \atop \longrightarrow}\atop{\longrightarrow \atop {}}} \prod_{\alpha,\beta \in A} F(X_\alpha\times_X X_\beta)</math>
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| must be an [[equalizer (mathematics)|equalizer]]. For a separated presheaf, the first arrow need only be injective.
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| Similarly, one can define presheaves and sheaves of [[abelian group]]s, [[ring (mathematics)|ring]]s, [[module (mathematics)|module]]s, and so on. One can require either that a presheaf ''F'' is a contravariant functor to the category of abelian groups (or rings, or modules, etc.), or that ''F'' be an abelian group (ring, module, etc.) object in the category of all contravariant functors from ''C'' to the category of sets. These two definitions are equivalent.
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| == Examples of sites ==
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| === The discrete and indiscrete topologies ===
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| Let '''C''' be any category. To define the '''discrete topology''', we declare all sieves to be covering sieves. If '''C''' has all fibered products, this is equivalent to declaring all families to be covering families. To define the '''indiscrete topology''', we declare only the sieves of the form Hom(−, ''X'') to be covering sieves. The indiscrete topology is also known as the '''biggest''' or '''chaotic''' topology, and it is generated by the pretopology which has only isomorphisms for covering families. A sheaf on the indiscrete site is the same thing as a presheaf.
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| === The canonical topology ===
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| Let '''C''' be any category. The Yoneda embedding gives a functor Hom(−, ''X'') for each object ''X'' of '''C'''. The '''canonical topology''' is the biggest (finest) topology such that every representable presheaf, i.e. presheaf of the form Hom(−, ''X''), is a sheaf. A covering sieve or covering family for this site is said to be ''strictly universally epimorphic''. A topology which is less fine than the canonical topology, that is, for which every covering sieve is strictly universally epimorphic, is called '''subcanonical'''. Subcanonical sites are exactly the sites for which every presheaf of the form Hom(−, ''X'') is a sheaf. Most sites encountered in practice are subcanonical.
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| === Small site associated to a topological space ===
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| We repeat the example which we began with above. Let ''X'' be a topological space. We defined ''O''(''X'') to be the category whose objects are the open sets of ''X'' and whose morphisms are inclusions of open sets. The covering sieves on an object ''U'' of ''O''(''X'') were those sieves ''S'' satisfying the following condition:
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| *If ''W'' is the union of all the sets ''V'' such that ''S''(''V'') is non-empty, then ''W'' = ''U''.
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| This topology can also naturally be expressed as a pretopology. We say that a family of inclusions {''V''<sub>α</sub> <math>\sube</math> ''U''} is a covering family if and only if the union <math>\cup</math>''V''<sub>α</sub> equals ''U''. This site is called the '''small site associated to a topological space ''X''.
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| === Big site associated to a topological space ===
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| Let ''Spc'' be the category of all topological spaces. Given any family of functions {''u''<sub>α</sub> : ''V''<sub>α</sub> → ''X''}, we say that it is a '''surjective family''' or that the morphisms ''u''<sub>α</sub> are '''jointly surjective''' if <math>\cup</math> ''u''<sub>α</sub>(''V''<sub>α</sub>) equals ''X''. We define a pretopology on ''Spc'' by taking the covering families to be surjective families all of whose members are open immersions. Let ''S'' be a sieve on ''Spc''. ''S'' is a covering sieve for this topology if and only if:
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| *For all ''Y'' and every morphism ''f'' : ''Y'' → ''X'' in ''S''(''Y''), there exists a ''V'' and a ''g'' : ''V'' → ''X'' such that ''g'' is an open immersion, ''g'' is in ''S''(''V''), and ''f'' factors through ''g''.
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| *If ''W'' is the union of all the sets ''f''(''Y''), where ''f'' : ''Y'' → ''X'' is in ''S''(''Y''), then ''W'' = ''X''.
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| Fix a topological space ''X''. Consider the [[comma category]] ''Spc/X'' of topological spaces with a fixed continuous map to ''X''. The topology on ''Spc'' induces a topology on ''Spc/X''. The covering sieves and covering families are almost exactly the same; the only difference is that now all the maps involved commute with the fixed maps to ''X''. This is the '''big site associated to a topological space '''''X''''' '''. Notice that ''Spc'' is the big site associated to the one point space. This site was first considered by [[Jean Giraud (mathematician)|Jean Giraud]].
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| === The big and small sites of a manifold ===
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| Let ''M'' be a [[manifold]]. ''M'' has a category of open sets ''O''(''M'') because it is a topological space, and it gets a topology as in the above example. For two open sets ''U'' and ''V'' of ''M'', the fiber product ''U'' ×<sub>''M''</sub> ''V'' is the open set ''U'' ∩ ''V'', which is still in ''O''(''M''). This means that the topology on ''O''(''M'') is defined by a pretopology, the same pretopology as before.
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| Let ''Mfd'' be the category of all manifolds and continuous maps. (Or smooth manifolds and smooth maps, or real analytic manifolds and analytic maps, etc.) ''Mfd'' is a subcategory of ''Spc'', and open immersions are continuous (or smooth, or analytic, etc.), so ''Mfd'' inherits a topology from ''Spc''. This lets us construct the big site of the manifold ''M'' as the site ''Mfd/M''. We can also define this topology using the same pretopology we used above. Notice that to satisfy (PT 0), we need to check that for any continuous map of manifolds ''X'' → ''Y'' and any open subset ''U'' of ''Y'', the fibered product ''U'' ×<sub>''Y''</sub> ''X'' is in ''Mfd/M''. This is just the statement that the preimage of an open set is open. Notice, however, that not all fibered products exist in ''Mfd'' because the preimage of a smooth map at a critical value need not be a manifold.
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| === Topologies on the category of schemes ===
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| {{see also|List of topologies on the category of schemes}}
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| The category of [[scheme (mathematics)|scheme]]s, denoted ''Sch'', has a tremendous number of useful topologies. A complete understanding of some questions may require examining a scheme using several different topologies. All of these topologies have associated small and big sites. The big site is formed by taking the entire category of schemes and their morphisms, together with the covering sieves specified by the topology. The small site over a given scheme is formed by only taking the objects and morphisms which are part of a cover of the given scheme.
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| The most elementary of these is the [[Zariski topology]]. Let ''X'' be a scheme. ''X'' has an underlying topological space, and this topological space determines a Grothendieck topology. The Zariski topology on ''Sch'' is generated by the pretopology whose covering families are jointly surjective families of scheme-theoretic open immersions. The covering sieves ''S'' for ''Zar'' are characterized by the following two properties:
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| *For all ''Y'' and every morphism ''f'' : ''Y'' → ''X'' in ''S''(''Y''), there exists a ''V'' and a ''g'' : ''V'' → ''X'' such that ''g'' is an open immersion, ''g'' is in ''S''(''V''), and ''f'' factors through ''g''.
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| *If ''W'' is the union of all the sets ''f''(''Y''), where ''f'' : ''Y'' → ''X'' is in ''S''(''Y''), then ''W'' = ''X''.
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| Despite their outward similarities, the topology on ''Zar'' is ''not'' the restriction of the topology on ''Spc''! This is because there are morphisms of schemes which are topologically open immersions but which are not scheme-theoretic open immersions. For example, let ''A'' be a non-[[reduced (ring theory)|reduced]] ring and let ''N'' be its ideal of nilpotents. The quotient map ''A'' → ''A/N'' induces a map Spec ''A/N'' → Spec ''A'' which is the identity on underlying topological spaces. To be a scheme-theoretic open immersion it must also induce an isomorphism on structure sheaves, which this map does not do. In fact, this map is a closed immersion.
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| The [[étale topology]] is finer than the Zariski topology. It was the first Grothendieck topology to be closely studied. Its covering families are jointly surjective families of étale morphisms. It is finer than the Nisnevich topology, but neither finer nor coarser than the ''cdh'' and l′ topologies. | |
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| There are two [[flat topology|flat topologies]], the ''fppf'' topology and the ''fpqc'' topology. ''fppf'' stands for ''{{lang|fr|fidèlement plate de présentation finie}}'', and in this topology, a morphism of affine schemes is a covering morphism if it is faithfully flat, of finite presentation, and is quasi-finite. ''fpqc'' stands for ''{{lang|fr|fidèlement plate et quasi-compacte}}'', and in this topology, a morphism of affine schemes is a covering morphism if it is faithfully flat. In both categories, a covering family is defined be a family which is a cover on Zariski open subsets.<ref>SGA III<sub>1</sub>, IV 6.3.</ref> In the fpqc topology, any faithfully flat and quasi-compact morphism is a cover.<ref>SGA III<sub>1</sub>, IV 6.3, Proposition 6.3.1(v).</ref> These topologies are closely related to [[descent (category theory)|descent]]. The ''fpqc'' topology is finer than all the topologies mentioned above, and it is very close to the canonical topology.
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| Grothendieck introduced [[crystalline cohomology]] to study the ''p''-torsion part of the cohomology of characteristic ''p'' varieties. In the ''crystalline topology'' which is the basis of this theory, covering maps are given by infinitesimal thickenings together with [[divided power structure]]s. The crystalline covers of a fixed scheme form a category with no final object.
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| == Continuous and cocontinuous functors ==
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| There are two natural types of functors between sites. They are given by functors which are compatible with the topology in a certain sense.
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| === Continuous functors ===
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| If (''C'', ''J'') and (''D'', ''K'') are sites and ''u'' : ''C'' → ''D'' is a functor, then ''u'' is '''continuous''' if for every sheaf ''F'' on ''D'' with respect to the topology ''K'', the presheaf ''Fu'' is a sheaf with respect to the topology ''J''. Continuous functors induce functors between the corresponding topoi by sending a sheaf ''F'' to ''Fu''. These functors are called '''pushforwards'''. If <math>\tilde C</math> and <math>\tilde D</math> denote the topoi associated to ''C'' and ''D'', then the pushforward functor is <math>u_s : \tilde D \to \tilde C</math>.
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| ''u''<sub>''s''</sub> admits a left adjoint ''u''<sup>''s''</sup> called the '''pullback'''. ''u''<sup>''s''</sup> need not preserve limits, even finite limits.
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| In the same way, ''u'' sends a sieve on an object ''X'' of ''C'' to a sieve on the object ''uX'' of ''D''. A continuous functor sends covering sieves to covering sieves. If ''J'' is the topology defined by a pretopology, and if ''u'' commutes with fibered products, then ''u'' is continuous if and only if it sends covering sieves to covering sieves and if and only if it sends covering families to covering families. In general, it is ''not'' sufficient for ''u'' to send covering sieves to covering sieves (see SGA IV 3, {{lang|fr|Exemple}} 1.9.3).
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| === Cocontinuous functors ===
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| Again, let (''C'', ''J'') and (''D'', ''K'') be sites and ''v'' : ''C'' → ''D'' be a functor. If ''X'' is an object of ''C'' and ''R'' is a sieve on ''vX'', then ''R'' can be pulled back to a sieve ''S'' as follows: A morphism ''f'' : ''Z'' → ''X'' is in ''S'' if and only if ''v''(''f'') : ''vZ'' → ''vX'' is in ''R''. This defines a sieve. ''v'' is '''cocontinuous''' if and only if for every object ''X'' of ''C'' and every covering sieve ''R'' of ''vX'', the pullback ''S'' of ''R'' is a covering sieve on ''X''.
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| Composition with ''v'' sends a presheaf ''F'' on ''D'' to a presheaf ''Fv'' on ''C'', but if ''v'' is cocontinuous, this need not send sheaves to sheaves. However, this functor on presheaf categories, usually denoted <math>\hat v^*</math>, admits a right adjoint <math>\hat v_*</math>. Then ''v'' is cocontinuous if and only if <math>\hat v_*</math> sends sheaves to sheaves, that is, if and only if it restricts to a functor <math>v_* : \tilde C \to \tilde D</math>. In this case, the composite of <math>\hat v^*</math> with the associated sheaf functor is a left adjoint of ''v''<sub>*</sub> denoted ''v''<sup>*</sup>. Furthermore, ''v''<sup>*</sup> preserves finite limits, so the adjoint functors ''v''<sub>*</sub> and ''v''<sup>*</sup> determine a [[geometric morphism]] of topoi <math>\tilde C \to \tilde D</math>.
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| === Morphisms of sites ===
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| A continuous functor ''u'' : ''C'' → ''D'' is a '''morphism of sites''' ''D'' → ''C'' (''not'' ''C'' → ''D'') if ''u''<sup>''s''</sup> preserves finite limits. In this case, ''u''<sup>''s''</sup> and ''u''<sub>''s''</sub> determine a geometric morphism of topoi <math>\tilde C \to \tilde D</math>. The reasoning behind the convention that a continuous functor ''C'' → ''D'' is said to determine a morphism of sites in the opposite direction is that this agrees with the intuition coming from the case of topological spaces. A continuous map of topological spaces ''X'' → ''Y'' determines a continuous functor ''O''(''Y'') → ''O''(''X''). Since the original map on topological spaces is said to send ''X'' to ''Y'', the morphism of sites is said to as well.
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| A particular case of this happens when a continuous functor admits a left adjoint. Suppose that ''u'' : ''C'' → ''D'' and ''v'' : ''D'' → ''C'' are functors with ''u'' right adjoint to ''v''. Then ''u'' is continuous if and only if ''v'' is cocontinuous, and when this happens, ''u''<sup>''s''</sup> is naturally isomorphic to ''v''<sup>*</sup> and ''u''<sub>''s''</sub> is naturally isomorphic to ''v''<sub>*</sub>. In particular, ''u'' is a morphism of sites.
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| == References ==
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| *{{Cite book | last1=Artin | first1=Michael | author1-link=Michael Artin | title=Grothendieck topologies | publisher=Harvard University, Dept. of Mathematics | year=1962 | zbl=0208.48701 | location=Cambridge, MA }}
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| *{{cite book
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| | editor1-last = Demazure | editor1-first = Michel | editor1-link = Michel Demazure
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| | editor2-last=Grothendieck | editor2-first=Alexandre | editor2-link=Alexandre Grothendieck
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| | title = Séminaire de Géométrie Algébrique du Bois Marie - 1962-64 - Schémas en groupes - (SGA 3) - vol. 1
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| | series=Lecture notes in mathematics | volume=151
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| | year = 1970
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| | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]]
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| | location = Berlin; New York
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| | language = French
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| | pages = xv+564 | zbl=0212.52810
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| }}
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| *{{cite book
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| | first = Michael
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| | last = Artin
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| | authorlink = Michael Artin
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| | coauthors = [[Alexandre Grothendieck]], [[Jean-Louis Verdier]], eds.
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| | title = Séminaire de Géométrie Algébrique du Bois Marie - 1963-64 - Théorie des topos et cohomologie étale des schémas - (SGA 4) - vol. 1 (Lecture notes in mathematics '''269''')
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| | year = 1972
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| | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]]
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| | location = Berlin; New York
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| | language = French
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| | pages = xix+525
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| | nopp = true
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| }}
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| * {{cite book | last=Shatz | first=Stephen S. | title=Profinite groups, arithmetic, and geometry | series=Annals of Mathematics Studies | volume=67 | location=Princeton, NJ | publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] | year=1972 | isbn=0-691-08017-8 | zbl=0236.12002 | mr=0347778 }}
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| * {{cite conference
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| | first = Yevsey A.
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| | last = Nisnevich
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| | year = 1989
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| | title = The completely decomposed topology on schemes and associated descent spectral sequences in algebraic K-theory
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| | booktitle = Algebraic K-theory: connections with geometry and topology. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held in Lake Louise, Alberta, December 7--11, 1987. NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 279
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| | editor1-first=J. F. | editor1-last=Jardine | editor2-first=V. P. | editor2-last=Snaith
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| | publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
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| | location = Dordrecht
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| | pages = 241–342 | url=http://www.cims.nyu.edu/~nisnevic/ | zbl=0715.14009
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Grothendieck Topology}}
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| [[Category:Topos theory]]
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| [[Category:Sheaf theory]]
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