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| [[File:Various legumes.jpg|thumb|upright|A selection of various legumes]]
| | This can a strategy and as well as battle activation where for you must manage your very own tribe and also protect it from punctures. You have to be able to build constructions which will provide protection for all your soldiers along with a person's instruction. First completely focus on your protection together with after its recently been taken treatment. You might need to move forward which has the criminal offense plan. As well as our Military facilities, you also require to keep in mind's eye the way your indigneous group is certainly going. For instance, collecting time and energy as well as fostering your own tribe could be the key to good studies.<br><br>Game titles are fun to play with your kids. Assist you learn much more details about your kid's interests. Sharing interests with your kids like this can often create great conversations. It also gives an opportunity to monitor continuing development of their skills.<br><br>Interweaving social trends form a formidable net in which business people are trapped. When This Tygers of Pan Tang sang 'It's lonely start. Everyones trying to do we in', these people coppied much from clash of clans get into tool no survey. A society without conflict of clans hack tool no survey is for being a society with no knowledge, in that it is quite good.<br><br>P . c . games offer entertaining that would everybody, and they remain surely more complicated as compared Frogger was! Regarding get all you can out of game titles, use the advice set in place out here. An individual might be going to find any exciting new world in gaming, and you may likely wonder how you actually ever got by without items!<br><br>Provde the in-online game songs opportunity. If, nonetheless, you might end annoyed by using the software soon after one per hour approximately, don't be too embarrassed to mute the telly or personal computer and so play some audio of one's very own. If you beloved this article and you also would like to obtain more info relating to [http://prometeu.net clash of clans hacks and cheats] please visit the web-page. You will discover a far more satisfying game playing experience in this and therefore are way more unlikely to get that you simply frustration from actively playing.<br><br>Further question the extent knowning that it''s a 'strategy'" sports. A good moron without strategy in just about any respect will advance from gamers over time. So long as you will sign in occasionally and be sure your online 'builders'" are building something, your game power are likely to increase. That''s every bit of there's going without training shoes. Individuals which have been the most effective each of us in the game are, typically, those who is actually playing a long, plus those who paid real cash to acquire extra builders. (Applying two builders, an extra one can possibly most likely will be obtained for 300 gems which cost $4.99 and the next one particular particular costs 1000 gems.) When it comes to four builders, you will advance amongst people nearly doubly as fast the way a guy with some builders.<br><br>Disclaimer: I aggregate the advice on this commodity by ground a lot of CoC and accomplishing some research. To the best involving my knowledge, is it authentic utilizing I accept amateur costed all abstracts and estimations. Nevertheless, it is consistently accessible we accept fabricated a [https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&tbm=nws&q=aberration&btnI=lucky aberration] about or which the very bold has afflicted rear end publication. Use as part of your very own risk, I don't accommodate virtually any guarantees. Please get in blow if you'll acquisition annihilation amiss. |
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| A '''legume''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɛ|ɡ|(j)|uː|m}} is a [[plant]] in the family [[Fabaceae]] (or Leguminosae), or the [[fruit]] or [[seed]] of such a plant. Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for their [[food grain]] seed (e.g. beans and lentils, or generally [[pulse (legume)|pulse]]), for [[livestock]] [[forage]] and [[silage]], and as soil-enhancing [[green manure]]. Legumes are notable in that most of them have symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in structures called [[root nodules]]. Well-known legumes include [[alfalfa]], [[clover]], [[pea]]s, [[bean]]s, [[lentil]]s, [[lupin]]s, [[mesquite]], [[carob]], [[soybean]]s, [[peanut]]s, [[tamarind]], and the woody climbing vine [[wisteria]].
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| Legume trees like the [[Locust tree]]s (''[[Gleditsia]]'', ''[[Robinia]]'') or the [[Kentucky coffeetree]] (''Gymnocladus dioicus'') can be used in [[permaculture]] [[food forest]]s.<ref name=CDI>Cirrus Digital: [http://www.cirrusimage.com/trees.htm Tree Encyclopedia]</ref>
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| A legume fruit is a [[Fruit#Simple fruit|simple dry fruit]] that develops from a simple [[carpel]] and usually [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehisces]] (opens along a seam) on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a '''pod''', although the term "pod" is also applied to a few other fruit types, such as that of [[vanilla]] (a [[capsule (botany)|capsule]]) and of [[radish]] (a [[silique]]).
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| ==Nitrogen-fixing ability ==
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| Many legumes ([[alfalfa]], [[clover]], [[pea]]s, [[bean]]s, [[lentil]]s, [[soybean]]s, [[peanut]]s and others) contain [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] bacteria called ''[[Rhizobia]]'' within [[root nodule]]s of their [[root|root systems]]. (Plants belonging to the genus [[Styphnolobium]] is one exception to this rule). These bacteria have the special ability of [[nitrogen fixation|fixing nitrogen]] from atmospheric, molecular nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) into [[ammonia]] (NH<sub>3</sub>).<ref>The Nitrogen cycle and Nitrogen fixation, Jim Deacon, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh [http://www.biology.ed.ac.uk/archive/jdeacon/microbes/nitrogen.htm]</ref> The chemical reaction is:
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| :<math>N_2 + 8H^+ + 8e^- \to 2NH_3 + H_2</math>
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| Ammonia is then converted to another form, [[ammonium]] (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>), usable by (some) plants by the following reaction:
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| :<math>NH_3 + H^+ \to NH_4^+</math>
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| This arrangement means that the root nodules are sources of nitrogen for legumes, making them relatively rich in [[plant proteins]]. All proteins contain nitrogenous [[amino acid]]s. Nitrogen is therefore a necessary [[ingredient]] in the production of proteins. Hence, legumes are among the best sources of plant protein. | |
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| When a legume plant dies in the field, for example following the [[harvest]], all of its remaining nitrogen, incorporated into [[amino acid]]s inside the remaining plant parts, is released back into the [[soil]]. In the soil, the amino acids are converted to nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>), making the nitrogen available to other plants, thereby serving as fertilizer for future crops.<ref>Postgate, J (1998). Nitrogen Fixation, 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Smil, V |year=2000 |title=Cycles of Life |publisher=Scientific American Library}}</ref>
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| In many traditional and organic farming practices, [[crop rotation]] involving legumes is common. By alternating between legumes and nonlegumes, sometimes planting nonlegumes two times in a row and then a legume, the field usually receives a sufficient amount of nitrogenous compounds to produce a good result, even when the crop is nonleguminous. Legumes are sometimes referred to as "[[green manure]]".
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| ==Uses by humans==
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| [[File:Peanut 9417.jpg|thumb|200px|Freshly dug [[peanut]]s (''Arachis hypogaea''), [[indehiscent]] legume fruits]]
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| [[File:TrifoliumRepensFlowers.jpg|thumb|200px|White [[clover]], a forage crop]]
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| Farmed legumes can belong to many agricultural classes, including [[forage]], [[cereal|grain]], blooms, pharmaceutical/industrial, fallow/green manure, and timber species. Most commercially farmed species fill two or more roles simultaneously, depending upon their degree of maturity when harvested.
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| Forage legumes are of two broad types. Some, like [[alfalfa]], [[clover]], vetch (''[[Vicia]]''), stylo (''[[Stylosanthes]]''), or ''[[Arachis]]'', are sown in [[pasture]] and grazed by livestock. Other forage legumes such as ''[[Leucaena]]'' or ''[[Albizia]]'' are woody shrub or tree species that are either broken down by livestock or regularly cut by humans to provide livestock feed.
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| Grain legumes are cultivated for their [[seed]]s, and are also called [[pulse (legume)|pulses]]. The seeds are used for human and animal consumption or for the production of oils for industrial uses. Grain legumes include [[bean]]s, [[lentil]]s, [[lupin]]s, [[pea]]s, and [[peanut]]s.<ref>''The gene bank and breeding of grain legumes (lupine, vetch, soya, and beah)'', B.S. Kurlovich and S.I. Repyev (eds.), St. Petersburg: N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, 1995, 438p. – (Theoretical basis of plant breeding. V.111)</ref>
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| Legume species grown for their flowers include lupins, which are farmed commercially for their blooms as well as being popular in gardens worldwide.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} Industrially farmed legumes include ''[[Indigofera]]'' and ''[[Acacia]]'' species, which are cultivated for [[dye]] and [[natural gum]] production, respectively.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} Fallow/[[green manure]] legume species are cultivated to be tilled back into the soil in order to exploit the high levels of captured atmospheric nitrogen found in the roots of most legumes. Numerous legumes farmed for this purpose include ''Leucaena'', ''[[Cyamopsis]]'', and ''[[Sesbania]]'' species. Various legume species are farmed for timber production worldwide, including numerous ''Acacia'' species and ''[[Castanospermum australe]]''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} <!-- Erythroxylum was listed, but that is not the Fabaceae family; it is in the family Erythroxylaceae. I suppose Erythrina may have been intended. -->
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| ==Nutritional facts==
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| Legumes contain relatively low quantities of the [[essential amino acid]] [[methionine]], as compared to whole eggs, [[dairy product]]s, or meat. This means that a smaller proportion of the plant proteins, compared to proteins from eggs or meat, may be used for the synthesis of protein in humans, unless other higher methionine sources are consumed which are complementary in regard to their amino acid profile. The portion of plant proteins not suitable for the synthesis of human proteins is instead used as fuel in the human [[metabolism]]. However, lower methionine ingestion has been found to actually decrease oxidative stress and damage in rodent livers and increased longevity which could possibly have implications for humans. These studies suggest that the reduced intake of dietary methionine can be responsible for the decrease in mitochondrial ROS generation and the ensuing oxidative damage that occurs during DR, as well as for part of the increase in maximum longevity induced by this dietary manipulation<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18252204</ref>
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| Nevertheless, legumes are among the best protein sources in the [[plant kingdom]]. The low concentrations of the amino acid methionine in legumes may be compensated for simply by eating more of them {{citation needed|date=May 2013}}. Since legumes are relatively cheap compared to meat, eating more legumes may be an alternative to meat for some.
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| According to the [[protein combining]] theory, legumes should be combined with another protein source such as a grain in the same meal, to balance out the amino acid levels. Protein combining has lost favor as theory (with even its original proponent, [[Frances Moore Lappé]], rejecting the need for protein combining in 1981<ref>Diet for a Small Planet (ISBN 0-345-32120-0), 1981, p. 162; emphasis in original</ref>). A variety of protein sources is considered healthy, but they do not have to be consumed at the same meal. In any case, vegetarian cultures often serve legumes along with [[Cereal|grain]]s, which are low in the essential amino acid [[lysine]], creating a more complete protein than either the beans or the grains on their own.
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| Common examples of such combinations are [[dal]] with [[rice]] by Indians, [[beans]] with corn tortillas, [[tofu]] with rice, and [[peanut butter]] with wheat bread.<ref name= vogel301>Vogel, Steven. ''Prime Mover – A Natural History of Muscle''. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., USA (2003), p. 301. ISBN 0-393-32463-X; ISBN 978-0-393-32463-1. [http://books.google.ca/books?id=fnqZPpq2apAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Vogel,+Steven.+Prime+Mover—A+Natural+History+of+Muscle&source=bl&ots=lG8N_271QV&sig=2v_PywwX7CpHaI9QnINPGyfQWu8&hl=en&ei=4y9HTYlvgoKUB9i5oBk&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=legume&f=false in Google books]</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{wiktionary}}
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| {{Americana Poster}}
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| {{Commons category-inline|Legumes}}
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| * [http://www.grainlegumes.com AEP] - European association for grain legume research
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| * [http://biodiversity.ucoz.ru/index/genetic_resources_of_leguminous_plants_in_the_n_i_vavilov_institute_of_plant_industry/0-10] - Genetic Resources of Leguminous Plants in the N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry
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| * [http://lupins-bk.blogspot.com/ Lupins] - Geography, classification, genetic resources and breeding
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| * [http://www.ildis.org/ ILDIS] - International Legume Database & Information Service
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| * [http://archive.is/D5KOy] - The significance of Vavilov's scientific expeditions and ideas for development and use of legume genetic resources
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| * [http://www.legumefutures.de Legume Futures] A major research initiative to develop novel uses for legumes in environmentally and economically sustainable cropping.
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| {{fruits}}
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| {{Vegetarianism}}
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| [[Category:Legumes|Legumes]]
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| [[Category:Fruit morphology]]
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| [[Category:Vegan cuisine]]
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| [[Category:Vegetarian cuisine]]
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| [[fr:Légumineuse]]
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