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| [[File:Hubble Space Telescope over Earth (during the STS-109 mission).jpg|thumb|[[Hubble Space Telescope]] over Earth (during the [[STS-109]] mission)]]
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| '''Astronautics''' (alternatively '''cosmonautics'''), and related '''astronautical engineering''', is the theory and practice of navigation beyond the [[Earth's atmosphere]]. In other words, it is the science and technology of [[spaceflight]].
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| The term ''astronautics'' was coined by analogy with [[aeronautics]]. As there is a certain degree of technology overlapping between the two fields, the term [[aerospace]] is often used to describe them both.
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| As with aeronautics, the restrictions of mass, temperatures, and external forces require that applications in space survive extreme conditions: high-grade [[vacuum]], the [[radiation]] bombardment of [[interplanetary space]] and the [[Van Allen belts|magnetic belts]] of [[low Earth orbit]]. [[launch vehicle|Space launch vehicles]] must withstand titanic forces, while [[satellites]] can experience huge variations in temperature in very brief periods.<ref name="Sellers">''Understanding Space: An Introduction to Astronautics'', Sellers. 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill (2000)</ref> Extreme constraints on mass cause astronautical engineers to face the constant need to save mass in the design in order to maximize the actual [[Payload (air and space craft)|payload]] that reaches [[orbit]].
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| ==History==
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| The early history of astronautics is theoretical: the fundamental mathematics of space travel was established by [[Isaac Newton]] in his 1687 treatise [[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]].<ref name="BMW">''Fundamentals of Astrodynamics'', Bate, Mueller, and White. Dover: New York (1971).</ref> Other mathematicians, such as Swiss [[Leonhard Euler]] and Italian [[Joseph Louis Lagrange]] also made essential contributions in the 18th and 19th centuries. In spite of this, astronautics did not become a practical discipline until the mid-20th century. On the other hand, the question of [[spaceflight]] puzzled the literary imaginations of such figures as [[Jules Verne]] and [[H. G. Wells]]. At the beginning of the 20th century, [[Russian cosmism|Russian cosmist]] [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] derived the famous [[rocket equation]], the governing [[equation]] for a [[rocket|rocket-based propulsion]], enabling computation of the final velocity of a rocket from the mass of spacecraft(<math>m_1</math>), combined mass of propellant and spacecraft (<math>m_0</math>) and exhaust velocity of the propellant (<math>v_e</math>).
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| :<math>\Delta v\ = v_e \ln \frac {m_0} {m_1}</math>
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| In fact this equation was derived earlier by [[William Moore]], a British mathematician who worked at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. For more information on the mathematical basis of space travel, see [[Orbital mechanics]].
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| By the early 1920s, [[United States|American]] [[Robert Goddard]] was developing liquid-fueled [[rocket]]s, which would in a few brief decades become a critical component in the designs of such famous rockets as the [[V-2 rocket|V-2]] and [[Saturn V]].
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| ==Subdisciplines==
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| Although many regard astronautics itself as a rather specialized subject, engineers and scientists working in this area must be knowledgeable in many distinct fields.
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| * [[Astrodynamics]]: the study of orbital motion. Those specializing in this field examine topics such as spacecraft trajectories, ballistics and celestial mechanics.
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| * [[Spacecraft propulsion]]: how spacecraft change orbits, and how they are launched. Most spacecraft have some variety of [[rocket engine]], and thus most research efforts focus on some variety of [[rocket|rocket propulsion]], such as chemical, nuclear or electric.
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| * [[Spacecraft design]]: a specialized form of [[systems engineering]] which centers on combining all the necessary subsystems for a particular [[launch vehicle]] or [[satellite]].
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| * [[Control engineering|Controls]]: keeping a satellite or rocket in its desired orbit (as in spacecraft navigation) and orientation (as in [[attitude control]]).
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| * [[Space environment]]: although more a sub-discipline of [[physics]] rather than astronautics, the effects of [[space weather]] and other environmental issues constitute an increasingly important field of study for spacecraft designers.
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| ==Related fields of study==
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| * [[Aeronautics]] and [[aerospace]]
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| * [[Mechanical engineering]]
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| * [[Physics]]
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| ==See also==
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| {{Commons category|Astronautics}}
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| *[[Aerospace]]
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| *[[Atmospheric reentry]]
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| *[[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]]
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| *[[Sergei Korolev]]
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| *[[Space Race]]
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| *[[Robert H. Goddard|Robert Goddard]]
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| *[[Hermann Oberth]]
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| *[[Wernher von Braun]]
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| *[[Spacefaring]]
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| *[[Frank Malina]]
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| [[Category:Astronautics| ]]
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| [[Category:Aerospace engineering]]
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| [[Category:Spaceflight]]
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