| '''Temporal motivation theory''' (TMT) is an integrative [[Motivational Theories|motivational theory]]. Developed by Piers Steel and Cornelius J. Konig, the theory emphasizes [[time]] as a critical, motivational factor. The argument for a broad, integrative theory stems from the absence of a single theory that can address [[motivation]] in its entirety. Thus, it incorporates primary aspects of multiple major theories, including [[expectancy theory]], [[hyperbolic discounting]], [[need theory]] and [[cumulative prospect theory]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Steel|first=P.|coauthors=Konig, C. J.|title=Integrating Theories of Motivation|journal=Academy of Management Review|year=2006|volume=31|issue=4|pages=889–913|url=http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Steel-Konig-Integrating-Theories-of-Motivation.pdf}}</ref> According to Schmidt, Dolis and Tolli, Temporal Motivation Theory "may help further the understanding of the impact of time, and particularly deadlines, on dynamic attention allocation."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schmidt|first=A.|coauthors=Dolis, C. M., Tolli, A. P.|title=A Matter of Time: Individual Differences, Contextual Dynamics and Goal Progress Effects on Multiple-Goal Self-Regulation|journal=Journal of Applied Psychology|year=2009|volume=94|issue=3|pages=692–709}}</ref> The Temporal Motivation Theory formula can be applied to the human behaviour, [[procrastination]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Steel|first=P.|title=The Procrastination Equation: How to stop putting things off and start getting stuff done|year=2010|publisher=Vintage Canada|location=Toronto, Canada|isbn=978-0-307-35717-5}}</ref><ref name="Petz">Petz, Sarah (May 12, 2011). "[http://oncampus.macleans.ca/education/2011/05/12/procrastination-down-to-a-science/ Procrastination down to a science]". ''Macleans on Campus''. Retrieved September 21, 2012</ref> and to [[goal setting]]. According to Lord, Diefenforff, Schmidt and Hall, the theory "models the motivating power of approaching deadlines, arguing that the perceived utility of a given activity increases exponentially as the [[Time limit|deadline]] nears. These and similar ideas have been applied to the pervasive phenomenon of procrastination".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lord|first=R. G.|coauthors=Diefendorff, J. M., Schmidt, A.M., Hall, R. J.|title=Self-Regulation at Work|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|year=2010|volume=61|pages=543–548}}</ref>
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| where <math>Motivation</math>, the desire for a particular outcome, <math>Expectancy</math> or [[self-efficacy]] is the probability of success, <math>Value </math> is the reward associated with the outcome, <math>Impulsiveness</math> is the individual’s sensitivity to delay and <math>Delay</math> is the time to realization.<ref name=Steel>{{cite journal|last=Steel|first=Piers|title=The Nature of Procrastination: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self-Regulatory Failure|journal=Psychological Bulletin|year=2007|volume=133|issue=1|pages=65–94|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65|url=http://studiemetro.au.dk/fileadmin/www.studiemetro.au.dk/Procrastination_2.pdf|pmid=17201571}}</ref>
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| To see how temporal motivation theory can be applied in an example, consider a student given one month to study for a final exam. The student is given two options—studying and socializing. The student enjoys socializing but needs to achieve a good grade. The reward of studying is not immediate thus at the beginning of the student's study period, the motivation to study is lower than the motivation to socialize. However, as the study period diminishes from several weeks to several days, the motivation to study will surpass the motivation to socialize.<ref name = Steel />
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