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| In [[mathematics]], the '''Hopf lemma''', named after [[Eberhard Hopf]], states that if a continuous real-valued function in a domain in Euclidean space with sufficiently smooth boundary is harmonic in the interior and the value of the function at a point on the boundary is greater than the values at nearby points inside the domain, then the derivative of the function in the direction of the outward pointing normal is strictly positive. The lemma is an important tool in the proof of the [[maximum principle]] and in the theory of [[partial differential equation]]s. The Hopf lemma has been generalized to describe the behavior of the solution to an elliptic problem as it approaches a point on the boundary where its maximum is attained.
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| ==Statement for harmonic functions==
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| Let Ω be a bounded domain in '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup> with smooth boundary. Let ''f'' be a real-valued function continuous on the closure of Ω and [[harmonic function|harmonic]] on Ω. If ''x'' is a boundary point such that ''f''(''x'') > ''f''(''y'') for all ''y'' in Ω sufficiently close to ''x'', then the (one-sided) [[directional derivative]] of ''f'' in the direction of the outward pointing normal to the boundary at ''x'' is strictly positive.
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| ==Proof for harmonic functions==
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| Subtracting a constant, it can be assumed that ''f''(''x'') = 0 and ''f'' is strictly negative at interior points near ''x''. Since the boundary of Ω is smooth there is a small ball contained in Ω the closure of which is tangent to the boundary at ''x'' and intersects the boundary only at ''x''. It is then sufficient to check the result with Ω replaced by this ball. Scaling and translating, it is enough to check the result for the unit ball in '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup>, assuming ''f''(''x'') is zero for some unit vector ''x'' and ''f''(''y'') < 0 if |''y''| < 1.
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| By [[Harnack's inequality]] applied to −''f''
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| :<math>\displaystyle{-f(rx)\ge -{1-r\over (1+r)^{n-1}} f(0),}</math>
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| for ''r'' < 1. Hence
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| :<math>\displaystyle{{f(x)-f(rx)\over 1-r}={-f(rx)\over 1-r} \ge -{1\over (1+r)^{n-1}} f(0)> -{ f(0)\over 2^{n-1}} >0.}</math>
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| Hence the directional derivative at ''x'' is bounded below by the strictly positive constant on the right hand side.
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| ==General discussion==
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| Consider a second order, uniformly [[elliptic operator]] of the form
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| :<math> Lu = a_{ij}(x)\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x_i \partial x_j} + b_i(x) \frac{\partial u}{\partial x_i} + c(x)u, \qquad x \in \Omega.</math>
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| Here <math>\Omega</math> is an open, bounded subset of <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>.
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| The Weak Maximum Principle states that a solution of the equation <math>Lu=0</math> in <math>\Omega</math> attains its maximum value on the closure <math>\overline{\Omega}</math> at some point on the boundary <math>\partial\Omega</math>. Let <math>x_0 \in \partial\Omega</math> be such a point, then necessarily
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| :<math> \frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu}(x_0) \geq 0,</math> | |
| where <math>\partial/\partial\nu</math> denotes the [[outer normal]] [[derivative]]. This is simply a consequence of the fact that <math>u(x)</math> must be nondecreasing as <math>x</math> approach <math>x_0</math>. The Hopf Lemma strengthens this observation by proving that, under mild assumptions on <math>\Omega</math> and <math>L</math>, we have
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| :<math> \frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu}(x_0) > 0.</math> | |
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| A precise statement of the Lemma is as follows. Suppose that <math>\Omega</math> is a bounded region in <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math> and let <math>L</math> be the operator described above. Let <math>u</math> be of class <math>C^2(\Omega) \cap C^1(\overline{\Omega})</math> and satisfy the differential inequality
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| :<math> Lu \geq 0, \qquad \textrm{in~} \Omega. </math>
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| Let <math>x_0 \in \partial\Omega</math> be given so that <math> 0\leq u(x_0) = \max_{x \in \overline{\Omega}} u(x)</math>.
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| If (i) <math>\Omega</math> is <math>C^2</math> at <math>x_0</math>, and (ii) <math>c \leq 0</math>, then either <math>u</math> is a constant, or <math> \frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu}(x_0) > 0</math>, where <math>\nu</math> is the outward pointing unit normal, as above.
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| The above result can be generalized in several respects. The regularity assumption on <math>\Omega</math> can be replaced with an interior ball condition: the lemma holds provided that there exists an open ball <math>B \subset \Omega</math> with <math>x_0 \in \partial B</math>. It is also possible to consider functions <math>c</math> that take positive values, provided that <math>u(x_0) = 0</math>. For the proof and other discussion, see the references below.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Hopf maximum principle]]
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| ==References==
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| * {{citation
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| | last = Evans
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| | first = Lawrence
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| | year = 2000
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| | title = Partial Differential Equations
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| | publisher = [[American Mathematical Society]]
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| | isbn = 0-8218-0772-2
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| }}
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| * {{citation
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| | first = L. E.
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| | last = Fraenkel
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| | year = 2000
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| | title = An Introduction to Maximum Principles and Symmetry in Elliptic Problems
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| | publisher = Cambridge University Press
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| | isbn = 978-0-521-46195
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| }}
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| *{{citation|title=Geometric Function Theory: Explorations in Complex Analysis|first=Steven G.|last= Krantz|publisher=Springer|year= 2005|id=ISBN 0817643397|p=127-128}}
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| *{{citation| last=Taylor|first= Michael E.|authorlink=Michael E. Taylor|title= Partial differential equations I. Basic theory|edition=2nd |series= Applied Mathematical Sciences|volume= 115|publisher=Springer|year=2011|id= ISBN 978-1-4419-70}} (The Hopf lemma is referred to as "Zaremba's principle" by Taylor.)
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| [[Category:Partial differential equations]]
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| [[Category:Mathematical principles]]
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