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m →Gilbert–Varshamov bound theorem: In the text "random generator matrix" means "generator matrix, which is chosen randomly. Therefore the link to Random Generator page relates to the word "random only"
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{{Multiple issues|
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{{essay-like|date=May 2011}}
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{{more footnotes|date=May 2011}}
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}}
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'''Fresnel Zone Antennas'''
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Fresnel zone antennas refer to antennas based on the concept of [[Fresnel zone]]. There are three type of Fresnel zone [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]]s, namely, Fresnel [[zone plate]], offset Fresnel zoneplate antennas and phase correcting [[Reflective array antenna|reflective array]] or “Reflectarray” antennas. They are a class of diffractive antennas and have been used from radio frequencies to X rays.
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[[Fresnel zone]] antennas belong to the category of [[Reflector (antenna)|reflector]] and lens antennas. Unlike traditional reflector and lens antennas, however, the focusing effect in a Fresnel zone antenna is achieved by controlling the [[phase shifting]] property of the surface rather than its shape, thus allowing flat or arbitrary configurations. For historical reasons, a flat Fresnel zone antenna is termed a Fresnel zoneplate antenna. An offset Fresnel zoneplate can be flush mounted to the wall or roof of a building, printed on a window, or made conformal to the body of a vehicle.
 
The advantages of the Fresnel zoneplate antenna are numerous. It is normally cheap to manufacture and install, easy to transport and package and can achieve high gain. Owing to its flat nature, the [[wind loading]] force of a Fresnel zoneplate can be as little as 1/8 of that of conventional solid or [[Wire mesh|wire-meshed]] reflectors of similar size. When used at [[millimetre wave]] frequencies, a Fresnel zone antenna can be an integrated with the millimetre-wave [[monolithic integrated circuit]] (MMIC) and thus becomes even more competitive than a printed antenna array.
 
The simplest Fresnel zoneplate antenna is the circular [[Half-wave plate|half-wave zoneplate]] invented in the nineteenth century. The basic idea is to divide a plane aperture into circular zones with respect to a chosen [[focus (optics)|focal point]] on the basis that all [[radiation]] from each zone arrives at the focal point in phase within ±π/2 range. If the radiation from alternate zones is suppressed or shifted in phase by π, an approximate focus is obtained and a feed can be placed there to collect the received energy effectively. Despite its simplicity, the half-wave zoneplate remained mainly as an [[optical device]] for a long time, primarily because its efficiency is too low (less than 20%) and the [[sidelobe]] level of its radiation pattern is too high to compete with conventional reflector antennas. Compared with conventional reflector and lens antennas, reported research on microwave and millimetre-wave Fresnel zone antennas appears to be limited. In 1948, Maddaus published the design and experimental work on stepped half-wave lens antennas operating at 23 GHz and sidelobe levels of around -17dB were achieved. In 1961, Buskirk and Hendrix reported an experiment on simple circular phase reversal zoneplate reflector antennas for [[radio frequency]] operation. Unfortunately, the sidelobe they achieved was as high as -7dB. In 1987, Black and Wiltse published their theoretical and experimental work on the stepped quarter-wave zoneplate at 35 GHz. A sidelobe level of about -17dB was achieved. A year later a phase reversal zoneplate reflector operating at 94 GHz was reported by Huder and Menzel, and 25% efficiency and -19dB sidelobe level were obtained. An experiment on a similar antenna at 11.8 GHz was reported by [[NASA]] researchers in 1989. 5% 3dB [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] and -16dB sidelobe level were measured [1].
 
Until the 1980s, the Fresnel zoneplate antenna was regarded as a poor candidate for [[microwave applications]]. Following the development of [[Direct broadcast satellite|DBS]] services in the eighties, however, antenna engineers began to consider the use of Fresnel zoneplates as candidate antennas for DBS reception, where antenna cost is an important factor. This, to some extent, provided a commercial push to the research on Fresnel zone antennas [1-5].
 
The offset Fresnel zoneplate was first reported in [4]. In contrast to the symmetrical Fresnel zoneplate which consists of a set of circular zones, the offset Fresnel zoneplate  consists of a set of elliptical zones defined by
 
                                            x^2/b^2+(y-c)^2/a^2 =1                (1)
 
where a, b and c are determined by the offset angle and [[focal length]] and the zone index. This feature introduces some new problems to the analysis of offset Fresnel zoneplate antennas. The [[formula]]e and [[algorithm]]s for predicting the [[radiation pattern]] of an offset Fresnel lens antenna are presented in [4], where some experimental results are also reported. Although a simple Fresnel lens antenna has low efficiency, it serves as a very attractive indoor candidate when a large window or an electrically transparent wall is available. In the application of direct broadcasting services (DBS), for example, an offset Fresnel lens can be produced by simply painting a zonal pattern on a window glass or a blind with conducting material. The satellite signal passing through the transparent zones is then collected by using an indoor feed.
 
To increase the efficiency of Fresnel zoneplate antennas, one can divide each Fresnel zone into several sub-zones, such as quarter-wave sub-zones, and provide an appropriate phase shift in each of them, thus resulting in a sub-zone phase correcting zoneplate [5]. The problem with dielectric based zoneplate lens antenna is that whilst a [[dielectric]] is providing a phase shift to the transmitted wave, it inevitably reflects some of the energy back, so the efficiency of such a lens is limited. However, the low efficiency problem for a zoneplate reflector is less severe, as total reflection can achieved by using a conducting reflector behind the zoneplate. Based on the focal field analysis, it is demonstrated that high efficiency zoneplate reflectors can be obtained by employing the multilayer phase correcting technique, which is to use a number of dielectric slabs of low [[permittivity]] and print different metallic zonal patterns on the different interfaces. The design and experiments of circular and offset multilayer phase correcting zoneplate reflectors were presented in [5].
 
A problem with the multilayer zoneplate reflector is the complexity introduced, which might offset the advantage of using Fresnel zoneplate antennas. One solution is to print an inhomogeneous array of conducting elements on a grounded dielectric plate, thus leading to the so-called single-layer printed flat reflector [2]. This configuration bears much in common with the printed array antenna but it requires the use of a feed antenna instead of a corporate feed network. In contract to the normal array antenna, the array elements are different and are arranged in a pseudo-periodic manner. The theory and design method of single layer printed flat reflectors incorporating conducting rings and experimental results on such an antenna operating in the X-band were given in [2]. Naturally, this leads to a more general antenna concept, the phase correcting reflective array.
 
A phase correcting reflective array consists of an array of phase shifting elements illuminated by a feed placed at the focal point. The word “reflective” refers to the fact that each phase shifting element reflects back the energy in the incident wave with an appropriate phase shift. The phase shifting elements can be passive or active. Each phase shifting element can be designed to either produce a phase shift which is equal to that required at the element centre, or provide some quantised phase shifting values. Although the former does not seem to be commercially attractive, the latter proved to be practical antenna configuration. One potential advantage is that such an array can be reconfigured by changing the positions of the elements to produce different radiation patterns. A systematic theory of the phase efficiency of passive phase correcting array antennas and experimental results on an X-band [[prototype]] were reported in [3]. In recent years, it became common to call this type of antennas “reflectarrays”.
 
==Reference phase modulation==
It has been shown that the phase of the main lobe of a zone plate follows its reference phase, a constant path length or phase added to the formula for the zones, but that the phase of the side lobes is much less sensitive.
:<math>r_n = \sqrt{(n+\alpha) \lambda f + \frac{(n+\alpha)^2\lambda^2}{4}}</math>
So, when it is possible to modulate the signal by changing the material properties dynamically, the modulation of the side lobes is much less than that of the main lobe and so they disappear on demodulation, leaving a cleaner and more private signal.<ref name="wmm">G. W. Webb, I. V. Minin and O. V. Minin,  “Variable Reference Phase in Diffractive Antennas”,  ''IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine'', vol. 53, no. 2, April. 2011, pp. 77-94.</ref>
 
== References ==
<!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically -->
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
* Y. Jay Guo and Stephen K. Barton, Fresnel Zone Antennas, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002, ISBN 1-4020-7124-8.
* Y. J. Guo and S. K. Barton, “Phase Correcting Zonal Reflector Incorporating Rings”, IEEE Transactions on  Antennas  and Propagation, vol. 43, no. 4, April 1995, pp.&nbsp;350–355.
* Y. J. Guo and S. K. Barton, “Phase Efficiency of the Reflective Array Antenna”, IEE Proc. -Microwave Antennas and Propagation, vol. 142, no. 2, April 1995, pp.&nbsp;115–120.
* Y. J. Guo, I. H. Sassi and S. K. Barton, “Offset Fresnel Lens Antenna”, IEE Proc. -Microwave Antennas and Propagation, vol. 141, no. 6, December 1994, pp.&nbsp;517–522.
* Y. J. Guo and S. K. Barton,  “A  High  Efficiency  Quarter-Wave  Zone  Plate Reflector”,  IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol. 2, no. 12, Dec. 1992, pp.&nbsp;470–471.
 
<!--- Categories --->
 
[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]
[[Category:Radio frequency propagation]]
[[Category:Antennas (radio)]]

Latest revision as of 13:30, 7 January 2015

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