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In the [[mathematics|mathematical]] field of [[differential geometry]], '''Euler's theorem''' is a result on the [[curvature]] of [[curve]]s on a surface. The theorem establishes the existence of [[principal curvatures]] and associated ''principal directions'' which give the directions in which the surface curves the most and the least. The theorem is named for [[Leonhard Euler]] who proved the theorem in {{harv|Euler|1760}}. | |||
More precisely, let ''M'' be a surface in three-dimensional [[Euclidean space]], and ''p'' a point on ''M''. A '''normal plane''' through ''p'' is a plane passing through the point ''p'' containing the [[normal vector]] to ''M''. Through each ([[unit vector|unit]]) [[tangent vector]] to ''M'' at ''p'', there passes a normal plane ''P''<sub>''X''</sub> which cuts out a curve in ''M''. That curve has a certain [[curvature]] κ<sub>''X''</sub> when regarded as a curve inside ''P''<sub>''X''</sub>. Provided not all κ<sub>''X''</sub> are equal, there is some unit vector ''X''<sub>1</sub> for which ''k''<sub>1</sub> = κ<sub>''X''<sub>1</sub></sub> is as large as possible, and another unit vector ''X''<sub>2</sub> for which ''k''<sub>2</sub> = κ<sub>''X''<sub>2</sub></sub> is as small as possible. Euler's theorem asserts that ''X''<sub>1</sub> and ''X''<sub>2</sub> are [[perpendicular]] and that, moreover, if ''X'' is any vector making an angle θ with ''X''<sub>1</sub>, then | |||
{{NumBlk|:|<math>\kappa_X = k_1\cos^2\theta + k_2\sin^2\theta.\,</math>|{{EquationRef|1}}}} | |||
The quantities ''k''<sub>1</sub> and ''k''<sub>2</sub> are called the '''principal curvatures''', and ''X''<sub>1</sub> and ''X''<sub>2</sub> are the corresponding '''principal directions'''. Equation ({{EquationNote|1}}) is sometimes called '''Euler's equation''' {{harv|Eisenhart|2004|p=124}}. | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[Differential geometry of surfaces]] | |||
* [[Dupin indicatrix]] | |||
==References== | |||
*{{citation | last = Eisenhart|first= Luther P.|authorlink=Luther Eisenhart | title=A Treatise on the Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces | publisher=Dover | year =2004 | isbn = 0-486-43820-1}} [http://www.archive.org/details/treatonthediffer00eiserich Full 1909 text] (now out of copyright) | |||
*{{citation|title=Recherches sur la courbure des surfaces|first=Leonhard|last=Euler|authorlink=Leonhard Euler|year=1760|journal=Memoires de l'academie des sciences de Berlin|volume=16|pages=119–143|publication-date=1767|url=http://math.dartmouth.edu/~euler/pages/E333.html}}. | |||
* {{citation|first=Michael|last=Spivak|authorlink=Michael Spivak|title=A comprehensive introduction to differential geometry, Volume II|publisher=Publish or Perish Press|year=1999|isbn=0-914098-71-3}} | |||
[[Category:Differential geometry of surfaces]] | |||
[[Category:Theorems in differential geometry]] | |||
{{differential-geometry-stub}} | |||
Revision as of 21:27, 7 April 2013
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, Euler's theorem is a result on the curvature of curves on a surface. The theorem establishes the existence of principal curvatures and associated principal directions which give the directions in which the surface curves the most and the least. The theorem is named for Leonhard Euler who proved the theorem in Template:Harv.
More precisely, let M be a surface in three-dimensional Euclidean space, and p a point on M. A normal plane through p is a plane passing through the point p containing the normal vector to M. Through each (unit) tangent vector to M at p, there passes a normal plane PX which cuts out a curve in M. That curve has a certain curvature κX when regarded as a curve inside PX. Provided not all κX are equal, there is some unit vector X1 for which k1 = κX1 is as large as possible, and another unit vector X2 for which k2 = κX2 is as small as possible. Euler's theorem asserts that X1 and X2 are perpendicular and that, moreover, if X is any vector making an angle θ with X1, then Template:NumBlk
The quantities k1 and k2 are called the principal curvatures, and X1 and X2 are the corresponding principal directions. Equation (Template:EquationNote) is sometimes called Euler's equation Template:Harv.
See also
References
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To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010 Full 1909 text (now out of copyright) - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010