Minkowski's bound: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 06:01, 13 December 2012

The Linner hue index,^[1] $H_{L}$ , is used to describe the hues which a given caramel coloring may produce. In conjunction with tinctorial strength, or the depth of a caramel coloring's color, it describes the spectra which a solution of the coloring may produce at different dilutions and thicknesses. It also has applications in brewing.

Linner mentioned that most caramel colors had log absorbance spectra which were essentially linear in the visible range. This means that such a spectrum could be characterized by a point (a log absorbance at some particular wavelength) and its slope. Because caramel colors have warm hues (i.e., greater absorbance for shorter wavelengths), the slopes of their log absorbance spectra will be negative. $H_{L}$ is the negative of this slope, multiplied by a convenient factor.

Definition

The Linner hue index is defined as:^[2]

H_{L} = 10 \times \log_{10} (A_{510} / A_{610})

This is simply the negative of the slope of the log absorbance spectrum, between 510 and 610 nm wavelength, for materials that obey Linner's hypothesis of linear log-absorbance spectra.

Typical range

Linner hue indices typically range from 3 (a greenish yellow or olive hue, depending on the depth of color) to 7.5 (yellow) for caramel colors and beers.

References

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↑ R T Linner, "Caramel color: a new method of determining its color hue and tinctorial power." Proceedings of the Society of Soft Drink Technologists Annual Meeting, 1970, p 63-72.
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[Linner-1] R T Linner, "Caramel color: a new method of determining its color hue and tinctorial power." Proceedings of the Society of Soft Drink Technologists Annual Meeting, 1970, p 63-72.

[2] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

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A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

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+The '''Linner hue index''',<ref name="Linner">R T Linner, "Caramel color: a new method  of determining its color hue and tinctorial power." ''Proceedings of the Society of Soft Drink Technologists Annual Meeting,'' 1970, p 63-72.</ref> <math>H_L</math>, is used to describe the [[hue]]s which a given [[caramel coloring]] may produce. In conjunction with [[tinctorial strength]], or the depth of a caramel coloring's [[color]], it describes the [[spectrum|spectra]] which a solution of the coloring may produce at different dilutions and thicknesses. It also has applications in [[brewing]].
+Linner mentioned that most caramel colors had log absorbance spectra which were essentially linear in the visible range. This means that such a spectrum could be characterized by a point (a log absorbance at some particular wavelength) and its slope. Because caramel colors have warm hues (i.e., greater absorbance for shorter wavelengths), the slopes of their log absorbance spectra will be negative. <math>H_L</math> is the negative of this slope, multiplied by a convenient factor.
+== Definition ==
+The Linner hue index is defined as:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kamuf |first1=W ''et al.'' |date=March–April 2003 |title=Overview of Caramel Colors |journal=Cereal Foods World |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=64–69 |publisher=American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc |format=pdf |accessdate=9 Aug 2012 |url=http://www.ddwcolor.com/Caramel-Overview.pdf}}</ref>
+:<math>H_L = 10 \times \log_{10}(A_{510} / A_{610})</math>
+This is simply the negative of the slope of the log absorbance spectrum, between 510 and 610&nbsp;nm wavelength, for materials that obey Linner's hypothesis of linear log-absorbance spectra.
+== Typical range ==
+Linner hue indices typically range from 3 (a greenish yellow or olive hue, depending on the depth of color) to 7.5 (yellow) for caramel colors and beers.
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
+[[Category:Food colorings]]

Minkowski's bound: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 06:01, 13 December 2012

Definition

Typical range

References

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