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The source function is a characteristic of a stellar atmosphere, and in the case of no scattering of photons, describes the ratio of the emission coefficient to the absorption coefficient. It is a measure of how photons in a light beam are removed and replaced by new photons by the material it passes through. Its units in the cgs-system are erg s^-1 cm^-2 sr^-1 Hz^-1 and in SI are W m^-2 sr^-1 Hz^-1 . The source function can be written

$S_{\lambda }\stackrel{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}{=}\frac{j_{\lambda }}{{\kappa }_{\lambda }}$

where $j_{\lambda }$ is the emission coefficient, ${\kappa }_{\lambda }$ is the absorption coefficient (also known as the opacity). Putting this into the equation for radiative transfer we get

$-\frac{1}{{\kappa }_{\lambda }\rho }\frac{d{I}_{\lambda }}{ds}=I_{\lambda }-S_{\lambda }$

where s is the distance measured along the path traveled by the beam. The minus sign on the left hand side shows that the intensity decreases as the beam travels, due to the absorption of photons.

See also

• Radiative transfer
• Opacity (optics)

References

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Did you understand a number of consideration has been shifted over to abroad properties funding, after our pretty government launched the seventh round of cooling measures on 12 January 2013 (a comprehensive package deal of measures to chill the residential property market)?

Hiap Hoe made its first foray overseas by buying three properties in Australia up to now four months. In coming years, most of its income will likely come from outside the island-state, Teo mentioned. For a improvement concept plan that has been accredited by the authority ie township development and housing estate development. Below the new rules imposed by the Housing and Growth Board (HDB), households with permanent residency, or PR, status can solely buy beforehand owned state-constructed houses if they have held PR status for not less than three years. Everlasting residents, who made up 10% of Singapore's population of 5.three million folks in 2012, could beforehand buy a HDB flat from the resale market instantly after getting PR standing. Growth Expenditure

It might/ may not include automotive parks. We have to ask what number of car parks are given per apartment, as it varies from development to improvement. Usually 1 car park lot is included within the upkeep fees. Do ask whether it is potential to increase the variety of tons in case you have more than 1 automobiles. Nonetheless, the losses usually are not absorbed indefinitely. When the condominium is completed and handed over to the residences via the MCST (after a couple of years), the residents may find themselves in a scenario the place they must high up the losses within the form of elevated month-to-month maintenance. Some developments even supply the agents 2.5% commission!!! 50k to 60k commission for only one deal. Ho Bee Investment Restricted Lee Kim Tah Holdings Limited NTUC Alternative Properties Co-operative Limited

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TROPIKA EAST PRIVATE CONDOMINIUM APARTMENT FOO KIM LIN STREET (JALAN EUNOS), SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 14) WOODHAVEN NON-PUBLIC TOWNHOUSES WOODGROVE AVENUE, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 25) Look via the unit plans and resolve what unit sort you want. A price psf (per square foot) range is usually offered so you'd be able to estimate a rough value for every unit kind. (You may wish to use the mortgage calculator on the fitting of this page to figure out the instalments payable for getting property in Singapore.) Wheelock Properties Ltd - Formerly often known as Marco Polo Developments Limited, it's a reputed property developer and investor firm in Singapore, focusing mainly on luxury residences. When you've got not began your seek for a bank, it is time to start it now!

Metropolis Developments Restricted (CDL) is a Singapore-listed worldwide property and hospitality conglomerate with companies in actual estate improvement and funding, resort possession and management, amenities management and the provision of hospitality options. As Singapore's property pioneer, CDL holds a powerful track record of getting developed over 34,000 luxurious and high quality houses across numerous market segments. Additionally it is one of many Singapore's largest landlords.

Developers can thus have access to freehold land by shopping for the land from these owners. If that single land is shared by many flats, the developer will need to get a majority of them to agree in promoting their property. This course of is named the en-bloc process. En bloc It is good for the developer (because it provides an impression of a better average price and is nice for the next sale) and good for the present buyer (since they pay less than what was reflected on paper). It is unhealthy for the longer term patrons although (within the resale market). If they paid precisely the amount it was said within the data, they will be paying $1M for a $0.98M property. landed property in strata developments which aren't accepted condominium developments underneath the Planning Act

Ho Bee is another candidate on the high of our record, given its engaging valuation, majority shareholder and robust steadiness sheet with limited need for equity fundraising. On top of that, we noticed that Ho Bee Holdings (owned by Mr Chua Thian Poh, Mdm Ng Noi Hinoy and Mr Chua Kong Chian) has been growing its stake since 70.eight% in Apr 2013 to seventy two.6%. Bukit Sembawang matches the standards of cheap valuation, low liquidity and limited need for fairness fundraising. Nonetheless, privatisation may not be a near-term theme for the inventory as the largest shareholder owns only forty one 41% of the corporate and does not face a push issue such as the extension charge. Industrial Equipment Degree in Estate Management or equivalent Senior/Promoting & Promotion Executive