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The '''detective quantum efficiency''' (often abbreviated as DQE) is a measure of the combined effects of the signal (related to image contrast) and noise performance of an imaging system, generally expressed as a function of [[spatial frequency]]. This value is used primarily to describe imaging detectors in [[optical imaging]] and [[medical radiography]].
According to an article at the Barlowgenealogy internet site, there is a wonderful deal of dispute as to the inventor of the Barlow knife. Although a variety of American families have claimed to have invented the Barlow knife, it is normally agreed on that the Barlow knife was invented in or around Sheffield, England in approximately 1670. Obadiah Barlow is the most probably inventor, although a quantity of other Barlows-including his son-have been mentioned as attainable inventors. Obtaining a decent back work out is nevertheless a single of the ways fitness center-goers justify exorbitant month to month gymnasium membership costs. It really is true that numerous people do not have the needed space at house to hold adequate tools.<br>Use gloves. Feel of it this way, if you reduce your arms or fingers, you're completed. You won't be in a position to whittle at all right up until it heals. Use them, at minimum right up until you've created some true talent at managing the knife. Be in a good frame of thoughts. Or at least a fairly great frame of brain. If you are the kind of man or woman who becomes intense when upset, it truly is most likely not a very good notion to whittle at that time. (Imagine dropping a finger!) If you make a decision to use a lot more equipment than just a knife, you will be coming into the world of in depth wood carving. Just clarifying that for you.<br>We know you will like to examine various types of knives when you are about to make your determination. This can be a difficult task if you do not have a proper guideline to make your last determination. We have produced a specific comparison chart that enables you to evaluate a broad assortment of knives. To check out the comparison chart simply click the hyperlink offered underneath. You can use 1 for opening boxes, chopping rope and string or slicing just about everything you could occur across at operate or in the discipline. For emergencies, you can minimize a seatbelt to free of charge an individual from a automobile among other things.<br>Slicing other things like veggies and gentle items like bread the knife handles properly and does a good job so using this knife in the subject for camping and cooking would be an easy job. I experienced no difficulty using the knife and cleanup labored well without having any problems about rust due to the stainless metal and ceramic elements. i got this knif a although in the past. it was excellent for a while. The blade is excellent and stays sharp for a while. If you sharpen it nicely it can have a good edge. But the a single factor about it is the manage. It is not built properly at all<br>The good folks at Gerber handed alongside one of their Folding Sheath Knives, which falls underneath the Survival Sequence banner. The knife bares the unique "BG" logo of the British tv persona and adventurer and has his name scrawled throughout the blade, but the relaxation of it is all Gerber. From the minute I took it out of the package deal I as very impressed with not only how light-weight it was, but also how relaxed to maintain and strong it felt. The ergonomically developed rubber grip-take care of feels ideal in the hand, and can make it easy to minimize by means of just about anything.<br>The Black Label line of tactical gear from Browning offers us the Integrity tactical folder. This knife is a hollow ground, partially serrated tanto blade crafted from 440 stainless steel with a Titanium Nitride (TiN) blade complete. It can be opened one particular-handed with ambidextrous thumb studs. The stainless liner lock holds the blade securely open. The manage is manufactured from textured G-10 laminate scales which are milled out to allow the 4-way pocket clip to be set up for hinge-up or hinge down carry in possibly right or left hand accessibility. This knife is made in Taiwan.<br>Set blades do not fold. They have either a entire tang, or a adhere tang that can make them very stout and secure. Mounted blade knives are usually far more robust and greater general, which adds to the safety of the knife together with the energy. This energy helps [http://www.Thebestpocketknifereviews.com/kershaw-leek-review/ Kershaw Leek Tanto] make them the knife of selection for outside use. They nearly often appear with a sheath to shield the blade and to permit carrying the knife in a risk-free method. In truth, they are known as "sheath knives ". Fixed blade knives do not require to be oiled like folding knives , and do not need to be cleaned as routinely.<br>garden sales. Which is proper, the Johnsville neighborhood in Blaine, Minnesota experienced its yearly neighborhood property sale and we were there. Janie and I had been so content to carry you together on this excursion due to the fact the [http://ielaw.Uibe.edu.cn/wiki/index.php?title=Kershaw_Black_Shallot_Knife_Review actual fun] of this working day resided in all of the things we did not acquire. Taking pictures of them to present to you made it all the much more worth although. 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In [[medical radiography]], the DQE describes how effectively an x-ray imaging system can produce an image with a high [[signal-to-noise ratio]] ([[signal-to-noise ratio|SNR]]) relative to an ideal detector. It is sometimes viewed to be a surrogate measure of the radiation ''dose efficiency'' of a detector since the required radiation exposure to a patient (and therefore the biological risk from that radiation exposure) decreases as the DQE is increased for the same image [[signal-to-noise ratio|SNR]] and exposure conditions.
 
The DQE is also an important consideration for [[Charge-coupled device|CCD]]s, especially those used for low-level imaging in [[light microscopy|light]] and [[electron microscopy|electron]] [[microscopy]], because it affects the [[signal-to-noise ratio|SNR]] of the images. It is also similar to the [[noise factor]] used to describe some electronic devices. The concept has been extended to chemical sensors,<ref>S. Manghani and J.J. Ramsden, The efficiency of chemical detectors, J Biol Phys Chem 3:11, 2003</ref> in which case the alternative term detectivity<ref>R.C. Jones, Nature (London) 170:937, 1952</ref> is more appropriate.
 
== History ==
 
Starting in the 1940s, there was much scientific interest in classifying the [[Signal (electronics)|signal]] and [[noise]] performance of various optical detectors such as television cameras and photoconductive devices. It was shown, for example, that image quality is limited by the number of quanta used to produce an image. The [[quantum efficiency]] of a detector is a primary metric of performance because it describes the fraction of incident quanta that interact and therefore image quality. However, other physical processes may also degrade image quality, and in 1946, [[Albert Rose (physicist)|Albert Rose]]<ref>A. Rose, A unified approach to the performance of photographic film, television pick-up tubes, and the human eye, J Soc Motion Pict Telev Eng 47:273-294, 1946</ref> proposed the concept of a ''useful quantum efficiency'' or ''equivalent quantum efficiency'' to describe the performance of those systems, which we now call the '''detective quantum efficiency'''. Early reviews of the importance and application of the DQE were given by Zweig<ref>H.J. Zweig, Performance criteria for photo-detectors -- concepts in evolution, Photogr Sci Engng 8:305-311, 1964</ref> and Jones.<ref>R.C. Jones, Scientfic American 219:110, 1968</ref>
 
The DQE was introduced to the medical-imaging community by Shaw<ref>R. Shaw, The equivalent quantum efficiency of the photographic process, J Photogr Sc 11:199-204, 1963</ref><ref>J.C. Dainty and R. Shaw, Image Science, Academic Press, New York, 1974</ref> for the description of x-ray [[medical radiography|film-screen]] systems. He showed how image quality with these systems (in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio) could be expressed in terms of the noise-equivalent quanta (NEQ). The NEQ describes the minimum number of x-ray quanta required to produce a specified [[Signal to noise ratio|SNR]]. Thus, the NEQ is a measure of image quality and, in a very fundamental sense, describes how many x-ray quanta an image is ''worth''. It also has an important physical meaning as it describes how well a low-contrast structure can be detected in a uniform noise-limited image by the ''ideal observer'' which is an indication of what can be visualized by a human observer under specified conditions.<ref>H.H. Barrett, J. Yao, J.P. Rolland and K.J. Myers, Model observers for assessment of image quality, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:9758-9765, 1993</ref><ref>Medical Imaging -- The Assessment of Image Quality, Int Comm Rad Units and Meas, ICRU Report 54, 1995</ref>  If we also know how many x-ray quanta were used to produce the image (the number of x-ray quanta incident on a detector), q, we know the ''cost'' of the image in terms of a number of x-ray quanta. The DQE is the ratio of what an image is ''worth'' to what it ''cost'' in terms of numbers of [[Poisson distribution|Poisson-distributed]] quanta:
 
:<math>
\mathrm{DQE} = \frac{\mathrm{NEQ}}{q}
</math>.
 
In this sense the DQE describes how effectively an imaging system captures the information content available in an x-ray image relative to an ideal detector. This is critically important in x-ray medical imaging as it tells us that radiation exposures to patients can only be kept as low as possible if the DQE is made as close to unity as possible.  For this reason, the DQE is widely accepted in regulatory, commercial, scientific and medical communities as a fundamental measure of detector performance.
 
==Definition==
The DQE is generally expressed in terms of [[Fourier transform|Fourier]]-based [[spatial frequency|spatial frequencies]] as:<ref>I.A. Cunningham, Applied linear-systems theory, in Handbook of Medical Imaging: Vol 1, physics and psychophysics, Ed J. Beutel, H.L. Kundel and R. Van Metter, SPIE Press, 2000</ref>
 
:<math>
\mathrm{DQE}(u) = \frac{\mathrm{NEQ}(u)}{q} = \frac{q G^2 \mathrm{T^2}(u)}{\mathrm{W}(u)}
</math>
 
where u is the [[spatial frequency]] variable in cycles per millimeter, q is the density of incident x-ray quanta in quanta per square millimeter, G is the system gain relating q to the output signal for a linear and offset-corrected detector, T(u) is the system modulation transfer function, and W(u) is the image Weiner noise power spectrum corresponding to q. As this is a Fourier-based method of analysis, it is valid only for linear and shift-invariant imaging systems (analogous to [[LTI system theory|linear and time-invariant system theory]] but replacing time invariance with spatial-shift invariance) involving [[wide-sense stationary]] or [[wide-sense cyclostationary]] noise processes. The DQE can often be modelled theoretically for particular imaging systems using cascaded linear-systems theory.<ref>I.A. Cunningham and R. Shaw, Signal-to-noise optimization of medical imaging systems, J Opt Soc Am A 16:621-632, 1999</ref>
 
The DQE is often expressed in alternate forms that are equivalent if care is used to interpret terms correctly. For example, the squared-SNR of an incident Poisson distribution of q quanta per square millimeter is given by
 
:<math>
\mathrm{SNR}_{in}^2(u) = q
</math>
 
and that of an image corresponding to this input is given by
 
:<math>
\mathrm{SNR}_{out}^2(u) = \frac{q^2 G^2 \mathrm{T}^2(u)}{\mathrm{W}(u)}
</math>
 
resulting in the popularized interpretation of the DQE being equal to the ratio of the squared output SNR to the squared input SNR:
 
:<math>
\mathrm{DQE}(u) = \frac{\mathrm{SNR}_{out}^2(u)}{\mathrm{SNR}_{in}^2(u)}.
</math>
 
This relationship is only true when the input is a uniform Poisson distribution of image quanta and signal and noise are defined correctly.
 
== Measuring the DQE ==
 
A report by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC 62220-1)<ref>Characteristics of digital x-ray imaging devices - Part 1: Determination of the detective quantum efficiency, International Electrotechnical Commission Report IEC 62220-1, 2003</ref> was developed in an effort to standardize methods and algorithms required to measure the DQE of digital x-ray imaging systems.
 
== Advantages of high DQE ==
 
It's the combination of very low noise and superior contrast performance that allows some digital x-ray systems to offer such significant improvements in the detectability of low-contrast objects - a quality that is best quantified by a single parameter, the DQE. As one medical physics expert recently reported, The DQE has become the de facto benchmark in the comparison of existing and emerging x-ray detector technologies.
 
DQE especially affects one's ability to view small, low-contrast objects. In fact, in many imaging situations, it's more important to detecting small objects than is limiting spatial resolution (LSR) - the parameter traditionally used to determine how small an object one can visualize. Even if a digital system has very high LSR, it can't take advantage of the resolution if it has low DQE, which prevents the detection of very small objects.
 
A study comparing film/screen and digital imaging demonstrates that a digital system with high DQE can improve one's ability to detect small, low-contrast objects – even though the digital system may have substantially lower Limiting Spacial Resolution (LSR) than film.
 
Reducing radiation dose is another potential advantage of digital x-ray technology; and high DQE should make significant contributions to this equation. Compared with film/screen imaging, a digital detector with high DQE has the potential to deliver significant object-detectability improvements at an equivalent dose, or to permit object detectability comparable to film's at reduced dose.
 
Equally important, high DQE provides the requisite foundation for advanced digital applications - dual-energy imaging, tomosynthesis, and low-dose fluoro, for instance. Combined with advanced image-processing algorithms and fast acquisition and readout capability, high DQE is key to making such applications as these clinically practical in the years to come.
 
== References ==
 
{{Reflist}}
 
==External links==
* [http://faxil.leeds.ac.uk/learning/iq/dqe/], What is Detective Quantum Efficiency?
* [http://www.cis.rit.edu/class/simg713/Lectures/Lecture713-09.pdf], Detective Quantum Efficiency
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dqe (Imaging)}}
[[Category:Digital imaging]]
[[Category:X-ray instrumentation]]

Latest revision as of 14:46, 23 July 2014

According to an article at the Barlowgenealogy internet site, there is a wonderful deal of dispute as to the inventor of the Barlow knife. Although a variety of American families have claimed to have invented the Barlow knife, it is normally agreed on that the Barlow knife was invented in or around Sheffield, England in approximately 1670. Obadiah Barlow is the most probably inventor, although a quantity of other Barlows-including his son-have been mentioned as attainable inventors. Obtaining a decent back work out is nevertheless a single of the ways fitness center-goers justify exorbitant month to month gymnasium membership costs. It really is true that numerous people do not have the needed space at house to hold adequate tools.
Use gloves. Feel of it this way, if you reduce your arms or fingers, you're completed. You won't be in a position to whittle at all right up until it heals. Use them, at minimum right up until you've created some true talent at managing the knife. Be in a good frame of thoughts. Or at least a fairly great frame of brain. If you are the kind of man or woman who becomes intense when upset, it truly is most likely not a very good notion to whittle at that time. (Imagine dropping a finger!) If you make a decision to use a lot more equipment than just a knife, you will be coming into the world of in depth wood carving. Just clarifying that for you.
We know you will like to examine various types of knives when you are about to make your determination. This can be a difficult task if you do not have a proper guideline to make your last determination. We have produced a specific comparison chart that enables you to evaluate a broad assortment of knives. To check out the comparison chart simply click the hyperlink offered underneath. You can use 1 for opening boxes, chopping rope and string or slicing just about everything you could occur across at operate or in the discipline. For emergencies, you can minimize a seatbelt to free of charge an individual from a automobile among other things.
Slicing other things like veggies and gentle items like bread the knife handles properly and does a good job so using this knife in the subject for camping and cooking would be an easy job. I experienced no difficulty using the knife and cleanup labored well without having any problems about rust due to the stainless metal and ceramic elements. i got this knif a although in the past. it was excellent for a while. The blade is excellent and stays sharp for a while. If you sharpen it nicely it can have a good edge. But the a single factor about it is the manage. It is not built properly at all
The good folks at Gerber handed alongside one of their Folding Sheath Knives, which falls underneath the Survival Sequence banner. The knife bares the unique "BG" logo of the British tv persona and adventurer and has his name scrawled throughout the blade, but the relaxation of it is all Gerber. From the minute I took it out of the package deal I as very impressed with not only how light-weight it was, but also how relaxed to maintain and strong it felt. The ergonomically developed rubber grip-take care of feels ideal in the hand, and can make it easy to minimize by means of just about anything.
The Black Label line of tactical gear from Browning offers us the Integrity tactical folder. This knife is a hollow ground, partially serrated tanto blade crafted from 440 stainless steel with a Titanium Nitride (TiN) blade complete. It can be opened one particular-handed with ambidextrous thumb studs. The stainless liner lock holds the blade securely open. The manage is manufactured from textured G-10 laminate scales which are milled out to allow the 4-way pocket clip to be set up for hinge-up or hinge down carry in possibly right or left hand accessibility. This knife is made in Taiwan.
Set blades do not fold. They have either a entire tang, or a adhere tang that can make them very stout and secure. Mounted blade knives are usually far more robust and greater general, which adds to the safety of the knife together with the energy. This energy helps Kershaw Leek Tanto make them the knife of selection for outside use. They nearly often appear with a sheath to shield the blade and to permit carrying the knife in a risk-free method. In truth, they are known as "sheath knives ". Fixed blade knives do not require to be oiled like folding knives , and do not need to be cleaned as routinely.
garden sales. Which is proper, the Johnsville neighborhood in Blaine, Minnesota experienced its yearly neighborhood property sale and we were there. Janie and I had been so content to carry you together on this excursion due to the fact the actual fun of this working day resided in all of the things we did not acquire. Taking pictures of them to present to you made it all the much more worth although. It really is also attainable the economic system has been lousy for this demographic for several years now, and they've turn out to be far more mindful about how they invest their income - getting less things they'd very likely market for a quarter or a buck a calendar year afterwards.
As soon as on a time a man had two very best friends, Fido and his trusty pocket knife. Before any male can depart his residence, he demands to guarantee that he has his vehicle keys, home key, wallet and of training course his ever trusty pocket knives. Pocket knives have grow to be substantial-tech resources, but they have a heritage of beginning in a reduced-tech era. The authentic knife by itself, has been close to considering that the stone age and was typicall study much more KnifeMule.com is an on the internet retailer specializing in a assortment of specialty knives and cutlery. For a lot more details on brand name title knives , cutlery and specialty gear check out
Probably the best characteristic of the 425 MiniBuck is its price. A MiniBuck will not expense several bucks. A MiniBuck 425 can be purchased for about $ten. Even even though this humble 425 MiniBuck lock blade knife is meant for mundane every day makes use of, Buck nevertheless covers it with their four-Ever warranty. If the knife is ever found to incorporate a defect in supplies and workmanship, Buck will restore or replace it without having any conditions. Many thanks for your pay a visit to our website. With any luck , you will content with Stabila 29272 72-Inch Magnetic 3-Vial Contractors Degree. We guarantee you will get Stabila 29272 seventy two-Inch Magnetic three-Vial Contractors Degree Low cost prices here.

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