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The term quantum defect is ambiguous. Various meanings are discussed below. Characteristic is that the defect deals with the loss on the smallest energy scale of light: that of the quantum.

Quantum defect in laser science

In laser science, the term quantum defect refers to the fact that the energy of a pump photon is generally higher than that of a signal photon (photon of the output radiation). The difference of energies goes to the heat; this heat may carry away the excess of entropy delivered with the multimode uncoherent pump.

The quantum defect of a laser can be defined as part of the energy of the pumping photon, which is lost (not turned into photons at the lasing wavelength) in the gain medium at the lasing.^[1] At given frequency $ω_{p}$ of pump and given frequency $ω_{s}$ of lasing, the quantum defect $q = ℏ ω_{p} - ℏ ω_{s}$ . Such quantum defect has dimension of energy; for the efficient operation, the temperature of the gain medium (measured in units of energy) should be small compared to the quantum defect.

At a fixed pump frequency, the higher the quantum defect, the lower is the upper bound for the power efficiency.

Quantum defect in Rydberg atoms

The quantum defect of a Rydberg atom refers to a correction applied to the equations governing Rydberg atom behavior to take into account the fact that the inner electrons do not entirely screen their associated charge in the nucleus.^[2] It is used particularly for the alkalis that contain a single electron in their outer shell.

The perfect 1/r potential in the hydrogen atom leads to an electron binding energy given by

E_{B} = - \frac{R h c}{n^{2}}

,

where R is the Rydberg constant, h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light and n is the principal quantum number.

For multi-electron atoms in Rydberg states with a low value of the orbital angular momentum, there is a high probability of finding the excited electron near the nucleus where it can polarize or even penetrate the ion core, modifying the potential. The resulting shift of the energy levels is represented mathematically as an angular momentum dependent quantum defect, δ_l:

E_{B} = - \frac{R h c}{(n - δ_{l})^{2}}

.

The largest shifts occur when the orbital angular momentum is equal to 0 (normally labelled 's') and these are shown in the table for the alkali metals:^[3]

Element	Configuration	n*	δ_s
Li	2s	1.59	0.41
Na	3s	1.63	1.37
K	4s	1.77	2.23
Rb	5s	1.81	3.19
Cs	6s	1.87	4.13

References

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The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ http://www.phy.davidson.edu/StuHome/joesten/IntLab/final/rydberg.htm , Rydberg Atoms and the Quantum Defect at the site of Davidson College, Physics department
↑ C.J.Foot, Atomic Physics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-850695-9

Template:Quantum-stub

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[2] ttp://www.phy.davidson.edu/StuHome/joesten/IntLab/final/rydberg.htm , Rydberg Atoms and the Quantum Defect at the site of Davidson College, Physics department

[3] C.J.Foot, Atomic Physics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-850695-9

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
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+The term '''quantum defect''' is [[ambiguity|ambiguous]]. Various meanings are discussed below. Characteristic is that the defect deals with the loss on the smallest energy scale of light: that of the [[quantum]].
+==Quantum defect in laser science==
+In [[laser]] science, the term '''quantum defect''' refers to the fact that the energy of a pump photon is generally higher than that of a ''signal photon'' (photon of the output radiation). The difference of energies goes to the heat;
+this heat may carry away the excess of [[entropy]] delivered with the multimode uncoherent pump.
+The '''quantum defect''' of a [[laser]] can be defined as part of the energy of the pumping photon, which is lost (not turned into photons at the lasing wavelength) in the [[gain medium]] at the [[lasing]].<ref name="LaserQD">{{cite journal
+| url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?isnumber=6035&arnumber=234394&count=87&index=4
+| author=T.Y.Fan
+| coauthors=
+| title=Heat generation in Nd:YAG and Yb:YAG
+| journal=[[IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics]]
+| volume=29
+| issue=6
+| pages=1457–1459
+| year=1993
+| doi=10.1109/3.234394
+| format=abstract
+|bibcode = 1993IJQE...29.1457F }}</ref>
+At given frequency <math>~\omega_{\rm p}~</math> of [[pump]] and given frequency <math>~\omega_{\rm s}~</math> of [[lasing]], the quantum defect <math>~q=\hbar\omega_{\rm p}-\hbar\omega_{\rm s}~</math>.
+Such '''quantum defect''' has dimension of energy; for the efficient operation, the [[temperature]] of the [[gain medium]]
+(measured in units of energy) should be small compared to the '''quantum defect'''.
+<!--
+Some colleagues define the '''quantum defect''' in a different way.
+At given frequency <math>~\omega_{\rm p}~</math> of [[pump]] and given frequency <math>~\omega_{\rm s}~</math> of [[lasing]], the quantum defect <math>~q=1-\omega_{\rm s}/\omega_{\rm p}~</math>; according to this definition, '''quantum defect''' is dimensionless
+.<ref>
+'''[[WHO HAD PUBLISHED A PAPER WITH SUCH DEFINITION??? Reference, please!!]]'''
+</ref><br><br>
+!-->
+At a fixed pump frequency, the higher the quantum defect, the lower is the upper bound for the power efficiency.
+==Quantum defect in Rydberg atoms==
+The '''quantum defect''' of a [[Rydberg atom]] refers to a correction applied to the equations governing Rydberg atom behavior to take into account the fact that the inner electrons do not entirely screen their associated charge in the nucleus.<ref>
+http://www.phy.davidson.edu/StuHome/joesten/IntLab/final/rydberg.htm ,
+Rydberg Atoms and the Quantum Defect at the site of [[Davidson College]], Physics department</ref>  It is used particularly for the alkalis that contain a single electron in their outer shell.
+The perfect 1/''r'' potential in the [[hydrogen atom]] leads to an [[electron]] [[binding energy]] given by
+:<math>E_\text{B} = -\dfrac{Rhc}{n^2}</math>,
+where ''R'' is the [[Rydberg constant]], ''h'' is Planck's constant, ''c'' is the speed of light and ''n'' is the [[principal quantum number]].
+For multi-electron atoms in Rydberg states with a low value of the [[angular momentum operator|orbital angular momentum]], there is a high probability of finding the excited electron near the nucleus where it can [[Polarizability|polarize]] or even penetrate the ion core, modifying the potential.  The resulting shift of the energy levels is represented mathematically as an angular momentum dependent quantum defect, δ<sub>''l''</sub>:
+:<math>E_\text{B} = -\dfrac{Rhc}{(n-\delta_l)^2}</math>.
+The largest shifts occur when the orbital angular momentum is equal to 0 (normally labelled 's') and these are shown in the table for the [[alkali metals]]:<ref>C.J.Foot, Atomic Physics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-850695-9</ref>
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! Element !! Configuration !! n* !! δ<sub>''s''</sub>
+|-
+| Li || 2s || 1.59 || 0.41
+|-
+| Na || 3s || 1.63 || 1.37
+|-
+| K || 4s || 1.77 || 2.23
+|-
+| Rb || 5s || 1.81 || 3.19
+|-
+| Cs || 6s || 1.87 || 4.13
+|}
+==See also==
+*[[External quantum efficiency]]
+*[[Quantum efficiency of a solar cell]]
+==References==
+<references/>
+<!--  {{disambig}}   recover this as soon as we have separate articles for each of meanings mentioned
+!-->
+[[Category:Atoms]]
+[[Category:Laser science]]
+{{quantum-stub}}

Dual curve: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 00:19, 28 November 2013

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Quantum defect in laser science

Quantum defect in Rydberg atoms

See also

References

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Dual curve: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 00:19, 28 November 2013

Quantum defect in laser science

Quantum defect in Rydberg atoms

See also

References

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