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In [[mathematics]], in particular the theory of [[principal bundle]]s, one can ask if a principal <math>G</math>-bundle over a [[group (mathematics)|group]] <math>G</math> "comes from" a [[subgroup]] <math>H</math> of <math>G</math>. This is called '''reduction of the structure group''' (to <math>H</math>), and makes sense for any map <math>H \to G</math>, which need not be an [[inclusion map]] (despite the terminology).
 
==Definition==
Formally, given a ''G''-bundle ''B'' and a map ''H'' → ''G'' (which need not be an [[Inclusion map|inclusion]]),
a '''reduction of the structure group''' (from ''G'' to ''H'') is an ''H''-bundle <math>B_H</math> such that the [[pushout (category theory)|pushout]] <math>B_H \times_H G</math> is isomorphic to ''B''.
 
Note that these do not always exist, nor if they exist are they unique.
 
As a concrete example, every even dimensional real [[vector space]] is the underlying real space of a complex vector space: it admits a [[linear complex structure]]. A real [[vector bundle]] admits an [[almost complex]] structure if and only if it is the underlying real bundle of a complex vector bundle. This is a reduction along the inclusion ''GL''(''n'','''C''') → ''GL''(2''n'','''R''')
 
In terms of [[transition map]]s, a ''G''-bundle can be reduced if and only if the transition maps can be taken to have values in ''H''.
Note that the term ''reduction'' is misleading: it suggests that ''H'' is a subgroup of ''G'', which is often the case, but need not be (for example for [[spin structure]]s): it's properly called a [[Homotopy lifting property|lifting]].
 
More abstractly, "''G''-bundles over ''X''" is a [[functor]]<ref>Indeed, it is a [[bifunctor]] in ''G'' and ''X''.</ref> in ''G'': given a map ''H'' → ''G'', one gets a map from ''H''-bundles to ''G''-bundles by [[Induced representation|inducing]] (as above). Reduction of the structure group of a ''G''-bundle ''B'' is choosing an ''H''-bundle whose image is ''B''.
 
The inducing map from ''H''-bundles to ''G''-bundles is in general neither onto nor one-to-one, so the structure group cannot always be reduced, and when it can, this reduction need not be unique. For example, not every manifold is [[orientable]], and those that are orientable admit exactly two orientations.
 
If ''H'' is a [[Lie subgroup]] of ''G'', then there is a natural one-to-one correspondence between reductions of a ''G''-bundle ''B'' to ''H'' and global sections of the [[fiber bundle]] ''B''/''H'' obtained by quotienting ''B'' by the right action of ''H''.  Specifically, the [[fibration]] ''B'' → ''B''/''H'' is a principal ''H''-bundle over ''B''/''H''. If σ : ''X'' →  ''B''/''H'' is a section, then the [[pullback bundle]] ''B''<sub>H</sub> = σ<sup>−1</sup>''B'' is a reduction of ''B''.<ref>In [[classical field theory]], such a section <math>\sigma</math> describes a classical [[Higgs field (classical)|Higgs field]] ([http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/hep-th/0510168 arXiv: hep-th/0510158]).
</ref>
 
==Examples==
Examples for [[vector bundle]]s, particularly the [[tangent bundle]] of a [[manifold]]:
* <math>GL^+ < GL</math> is an [[Orientation (manifold)|orientation]], and this is possible if and only if the bundle is orientable
* <math>SL < GL</math> is a [[volume form]]; since <math>SL \to GL^+</math> is a [[deformation retract]], a volume form exists if and only if a bundle is orientable
* <math>SL^{\pm} < GL</math> is a pseudo-[[volume form]], and this is always possible
* <math>O(n) < GL(n)</math> is a Riemannian metric; as <math>O(n)</math> is the [[maximal compact subgroup]] (so the inclusion is a deformation retract), this is always possible
* <math>O(1,n-1) < GL(n)</math> is a pseudo-Riemannian metric;<ref>It is a [[gravitational field]] in [[gauge gravitation theory]] ([http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/gr-qc/0512115 arXiv: gr-qc/0512115])</ref> there is the topological obstruction to this reduction
* <math>GL(n,\mathbf{C}) < GL(2n,\mathbf{R})</math> is an [[almost complex manifold|almost complex structure]]
* <math>GL(n,\mathbf{H})\cdot Sp(1) < GL(4n,\mathbf{R})</math> (where <math>GL(n,\mathbf{H})</math> is the group of n×n invertible quaternionic matrices acting on <math>\mathbf{H}^n \cong \mathbf{R}^{4n}</math> on the left and Sp(1)=Spin(3) the group of unit quaternions acting on <math>\mathbf{H}^n</math> from the ''right'') is an almost quaternionic structure<ref>{{harvnb | Besse | 1987 | loc=§14.61}}</ref>
* <math>\mbox{Spin}(n) \to \mbox{SO}(n)</math> (which is ''not'' an inclusion: it's a 2-fold [[covering space]]) is a [[spin manifold|spin structure]].
* <math>GL(k) \times GL(n-k) < GL(n)</math> decomposes a vector bundle as a [[Whitney sum]] (direct sum) of sub-bundles of rank ''k'' and ''n''&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;''k''.
 
==Integrability==
Many geometric structures are stronger than ''G''-structures; they are ''G''-structures with an ''integrability condition''. Thus such a structure requires a reduction of the structure group (and can be obstructed, as below), but this is not sufficient. Examples include [[complex manifold|complex structure]], [[symplectic manifold|symplectic structure]] (as opposed to [[almost complex structure]]s and [[almost symplectic manifold|almost symplectic structure]]s).
 
Another example is for a [[foliation]], which requires a reduction of the [[tangent bundle]] to a block matrix subgroup, together with an integrability condition so that the [[Frobenius theorem (differential topology)|Frobenius theorem]] applies.
 
==Obstruction==
''G''-bundles are classified by the [[classifying space]] ''BG'', and similarly ''H''-bundles are classified by the classifying space ''BH'', and the induced ''G''-structure on an ''H''-bundle corresponds to the induced map <math>BH \to BG</math>. Thus given a ''G''-bundle with classifying map <math>\xi\colon X \to BG</math>, the obstruction to the reduction of the structure group is the class of <math>\xi</math> as a map to the [[cofiber]] <math>BG/BH</math>; the structure group can be reduced if and only if the class of <math>\bar \xi</math> is [[null-homotopic]].
 
When <math>H \to G</math> is a [[homotopy equivalence]], the cofiber is contractible, so there is no obstruction to reducing the structure group, for example for <math>O(n) \to GL(n)</math>.
 
Conversely, the cofiber induced by the inclusion of the trivial group <math>e \to G</math> is again <math>BG</math>, so the obstruction to an [[absolute parallelism]] (trivialization of the bundle) is the class of the bundle.
 
===Structure over a point===
As a simple example, there is no obstruction to reducing the structure group of a <math>G</math>-''space'' to an <math>H</math>-''space'', thinking of a <math>G</math>-space as a <math>G</math>-bundle over a point, as in that case the classifying map is [[null-homotopic]], as the domain is a point. Thus there is no obstruction to "reducing the structure group" of a vector space: thus every vector space admits an orientation, and so forth.
 
==See also==
* [[Associated bundle]]
* [[G-structure]]
* [[Higgs field (classical)]]
 
==Notes==
<references/>
 
==References==
 
*{{cite book | last = Steenrod | first = N. | year = 1972 | title = The Topology of Fibre Bundles | edition =  | publisher = Princeton Univ. Press | location = Princeton | isbn =  | oclc = }}
*{{cite book | last = Hirzebruch | first = F. | year = 1966 | title = Topological Methods in Algebraic Geometry | edition =  | publisher = Springer | location = Berlin | isbn =  | oclc = }}
*{{cite book | last = Kobayashi | first = S. | last2 = Nomizu | first2 = K. | year = 1963 | title = Foundations of Differential Geometry, Vol.1 | edition =  | publisher = Interscience Publ. | location = New York | isbn =  | oclc = }}
*{{cite book | last = Giachetta | first = G. | last2 = Mangiarotti | first2 = L. | last3 = [[Gennadi Sardanashvily|Sardanashvily]] | first3 = G.| year = 2009 | title = Advanced Classical Field Theory | edition =  | publisher = World Scientific | location = Singapore | isbn = 978-981-283-895-7 | oclc = }}
*{{cite book | last = Besse | first = Arthur | authorlink = Arthur Besse | year = 1987 | title = Einstein Manifolds | isbn = 978-3-540-74120-6 | ref=harv }}
 
 
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reduction Of The Structure Group}}
[[Category:Structures on manifolds]]
[[Category:Fiber bundles]]
[[Category:Differential topology]]
[[Category:Differential geometry]]

Latest revision as of 02:53, 21 December 2013



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In mathematics, in particular the theory of principal bundles, one can ask if a principal G-bundle over a group G "comes from" a subgroup H of G. This is called reduction of the structure group (to H), and makes sense for any map H→G, which need not be an inclusion map (despite the terminology).

Definition

Formally, given a G-bundle B and a map H → G (which need not be an inclusion), a reduction of the structure group (from G to H) is an H-bundle BH such that the pushout BH×HG is isomorphic to B.

Note that these do not always exist, nor if they exist are they unique.

As a concrete example, every even dimensional real vector space is the underlying real space of a complex vector space: it admits a linear complex structure. A real vector bundle admits an almost complex structure if and only if it is the underlying real bundle of a complex vector bundle. This is a reduction along the inclusion GL(n,C) → GL(2n,R)

In terms of transition maps, a G-bundle can be reduced if and only if the transition maps can be taken to have values in H. Note that the term reduction is misleading: it suggests that H is a subgroup of G, which is often the case, but need not be (for example for spin structures): it's properly called a lifting.

More abstractly, "G-bundles over X" is a functor[1] in G: given a map H → G, one gets a map from H-bundles to G-bundles by inducing (as above). Reduction of the structure group of a G-bundle B is choosing an H-bundle whose image is B.

The inducing map from H-bundles to G-bundles is in general neither onto nor one-to-one, so the structure group cannot always be reduced, and when it can, this reduction need not be unique. For example, not every manifold is orientable, and those that are orientable admit exactly two orientations.

If H is a Lie subgroup of G, then there is a natural one-to-one correspondence between reductions of a G-bundle B to H and global sections of the fiber bundle B/H obtained by quotienting B by the right action of H. Specifically, the fibration B → B/H is a principal H-bundle over B/H. If σ : X → B/H is a section, then the pullback bundle BH = σ−1B is a reduction of B.[2]

Examples

Examples for vector bundles, particularly the tangent bundle of a manifold:

Integrability

Many geometric structures are stronger than G-structures; they are G-structures with an integrability condition. Thus such a structure requires a reduction of the structure group (and can be obstructed, as below), but this is not sufficient. Examples include complex structure, symplectic structure (as opposed to almost complex structures and almost symplectic structures).

Another example is for a foliation, which requires a reduction of the tangent bundle to a block matrix subgroup, together with an integrability condition so that the Frobenius theorem applies.

Obstruction

G-bundles are classified by the classifying space BG, and similarly H-bundles are classified by the classifying space BH, and the induced G-structure on an H-bundle corresponds to the induced map BH→BG. Thus given a G-bundle with classifying map ξ:X→BG, the obstruction to the reduction of the structure group is the class of ξ as a map to the cofiber BG/BH; the structure group can be reduced if and only if the class of ξ¯ is null-homotopic.

When H→G is a homotopy equivalence, the cofiber is contractible, so there is no obstruction to reducing the structure group, for example for O(n)→GL(n).

Conversely, the cofiber induced by the inclusion of the trivial group e→G is again BG, so the obstruction to an absolute parallelism (trivialization of the bundle) is the class of the bundle.

Structure over a point

As a simple example, there is no obstruction to reducing the structure group of a G-space to an H-space, thinking of a G-space as a G-bundle over a point, as in that case the classifying map is null-homotopic, as the domain is a point. Thus there is no obstruction to "reducing the structure group" of a vector space: thus every vector space admits an orientation, and so forth.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Indeed, it is a bifunctor in G and X.
  2. ↑ In classical field theory, such a section σ describes a classical Higgs field (arXiv: hep-th/0510158).
  3. ↑ It is a gravitational field in gauge gravitation theory (arXiv: gr-qc/0512115)
  4. ↑ Template:Harvnb

References

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  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

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