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Revision as of 14:01, 19 November 2013

The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is a term used in medicine to describe an average blood pressure in an individual.^[1] It is defined as the average arterial pressure during a single cardiac cycle.

Calculation

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) is represented mathematically by the formula:

R = ΔP/QA^[2]

R is TPR. ΔP is the change in pressure across the systemic circulation from its beginning to its end. Q is the flow through the vasculature (equal to cardiac output)

In other words:

Total Peripheral Resistance = (Mean Arterial Pressure - Mean Venous Pressure) / Cardiac Output

Therefore, Mean arterial pressure can be determined from:^[3]

M A P = (C O \cdot S V R) + C V P

where:

$C O$ is cardiac output
$S V R$ is systemic vascular resistance
$C V P$ is central venous pressure and usually small enough to be neglected in this formula.

Estimation

At normal resting heart rates $M A P$ can be approximated using the more easily measured systolic and diastolic pressures, $S P$ and $D P$ :^[4]^[5]^[6]

M A P ≃ D P + \frac{1}{3} (S P - D P)

or equivalently

M A P ≃ \frac{2}{3} (D P) + \frac{1}{3} (S P)

or equivalently

M A P ≃ \frac{(2 \times D P) + S P}{3}

or equivalently

M A P ≃ D P + \frac{1}{3} P P

where $P P$ is the pulse pressure, $S P - D P$

At high heart rates $M A P$ is more closely approximated by the arithmetic mean of systolic and diastolic pressures because of the change in shape of the arterial pressure pulse.

Clinical significance

$M A P$ is considered to be the perfusion pressure seen by organs in the body.

It is believed that a $M A P$ that is greater than 60 mmHg is enough to sustain the organs of the average person. $M A P$ is normally between 70 to 110 mmHg^[7]

If the $M A P$ falls below this number for an appreciable time, vital organs will not get enough Oxygen perfusion, and will become ischemic.

References

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External links

Mean Arterial Pressure Calculator

Template:Cardiovascular physiology

currico.com.au http://currico.com.au/?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=user&id=102881.

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it:Pressione arteriosa differenziale

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↑ Total peripheral resistance, Wikipedia
↑ Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts: Mean Arterial Pressure, Richard E. Klabunde, Ph.D
↑ Template:GeorgiaPhysiology
↑ Cardiovascular Physiology (page 3)
↑ http://www.clinicalreview.com Physiology Review
↑ Template:Cite web

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[2] Total peripheral resistance, Wikipedia

[3] Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts: Mean Arterial Pressure, Richard E. Klabunde, Ph.D

[4] Template:GeorgiaPhysiology

[5] Cardiovascular Physiology (page 3)

[6] ttp://www.clinicalreview.com Physiology Review

[7] Template:Cite web

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
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+The '''mean arterial pressure''' ('''MAP''') is a term used in medicine to describe an average [[blood pressure]] in an individual.<ref name="pmid18451345">{{cite journal |author=Zheng L, Sun Z, Li J, ''et al.'' |title=Pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure in relation to ischemic stroke among patients with uncontrolled hypertension in rural areas of China |journal=Stroke |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=1932–7 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18451345 |doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.510677 |url=http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18451345}}</ref> It is defined as the average arterial pressure during a single [[cardiac cycle]].
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+==Calculation==
+Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) is represented mathematically by the formula:
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+R = ΔP/QA<ref>[[Total peripheral resistance|Total peripheral resistance, Wikipedia]]</ref>
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+R is TPR.
+ΔP is the change in pressure across the systemic circulation from its beginning to its end.
+Q is the flow through the vasculature (equal to cardiac output)
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+In other words:
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+Total Peripheral Resistance = (Mean Arterial Pressure - Mean Venous Pressure) / Cardiac Output
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+Therefore, Mean arterial pressure can be determined from:<ref>[http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP006.htm Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts: Mean Arterial Pressure, Richard E. Klabunde, Ph.D]</ref>
+:<math>MAP = (CO \cdot SVR) + CVP</math>
+where:
+*<math>CO</math> is [[cardiac output]]
+*<math>SVR</math> is [[systemic vascular resistance]]
+*<math>CVP</math> is [[central venous pressure]] and usually small enough to be neglected in this formula.
+==Estimation==
+At normal resting heart rates <math>MAP</math> can be approximated using the more easily measured [[Systole (medicine)|systolic]] and [[diastolic pressure]]s, <math>SP</math> and <math>DP</math>:<ref>{{GeorgiaPhysiology|3/3ch7/s3ch7_4}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nda.ox.ac.uk/wfsa/html/u10/u1002_03.htm Cardiovascular Physiology (page 3)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.clinicalreview.com http://www.clinicalreview.com Physiology Review]</ref>
+:<math>MAP \simeq DP + \frac{1}{3}(SP - DP)</math>
+or equivalently
+:<math>MAP \simeq \frac{2}{3}(DP) + \frac{1}{3}(SP)</math>
+or equivalently
+:<math>MAP \simeq \frac{(2 \times DP) + SP}{3}</math>
+or equivalently
+:<math>MAP \simeq DP + \frac{1}{3}PP</math>
+where <math>PP</math> is the [[pulse pressure]], <math>SP-DP</math>
+At high heart rates <math>MAP</math> is more closely approximated by the [[arithmetic mean]] of systolic and diastolic pressures because of the change in shape of the arterial pressure pulse.
+==Clinical significance==
+<math>MAP</math> is considered to be the [[perfusion pressure]] seen by [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]] in the body.
+It is believed that a <math>MAP</math> that is greater than 60 [[mmHg]] is enough to sustain the organs of the average person. <math>MAP</math> is normally between 70 to 110 [[mmHg]]<ref>{{cite web | last = impactEDnurse | title = mean arterial pressure | publisher = impactednurse.com   | date = May 31, 2007 | url = http://www.impactednurse.com/?p=329 | accessdate = 2010-12-25 }}</ref>
+If the <math>MAP</math> falls below this number for an appreciable time, vital organs will not get enough Oxygen perfusion, and will become [[ischemia|ischemic]].
+== See also ==
+* [[Blood pressure]]
+* [[Hypertension]]
+* [[Pulse pressure]]
+==References==
+{{reflist|2}}
+==External links==
+* [http://www.physiologyweb.com/calculators/mean_arterial_pressure_calculator.html Mean Arterial Pressure Calculator]
+{{Cardiovascular physiology}}
+[[Category:Medical signs]]
+[[Category:Blood pressure]]
+{{med-sign-stub}}
+[[it:Pressione arteriosa differenziale]]

Tor functor: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:01, 19 November 2013

Contents

Calculation

Estimation

Clinical significance

See also

References

External links

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