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:''For computer memory comparisons, see [[computer storage density]]. For other meanings, see [[Density (disambiguation)]]'' | |||
The '''area density''' (also known as '''areal density''', '''surface density''', or superficial density) of a two-dimensional object is calculated as the [[mass]] per unit [[area]]. The [[SI]] derived unit is: [[kilogram]] per square metre (kg·m<sup>−2</sup>). | |||
== Formulation == | |||
It can be calculated as: | |||
:<math> \rho_A = \frac {m} {A} </math> | |||
or | |||
:<math> \rho_A = \rho \cdot l</math> | |||
where | |||
:{| | |||
|- | |||
|''{{math|ρ<sub>A</sub>}}'' ||= average area density | |||
|- | |||
|''{{math|m}}'' ||= total mass of the object | |||
|- | |||
|''{{math|A}}'' ||= total area of the object | |||
|- | |||
|''{{math|ρ}}'' ||= average [[density]] | |||
|- | |||
|''{{math|l}}'' ||= average thickness of the object | |||
|} | |||
== Column density == | |||
A special type of area density is called '''column (mass) density''' (also '''columnar mass density'''), denoted ''ρ''<sub>A</sub> or ''σ''. It is the [[mass]] of [[chemical substance|substance]] per unit [[area]] [[integral|integrated]] along a path; | |||
<ref name="Boeker_vanGrondelle2000"> | |||
{{cite book | author=Egbert Boeker and Rienk van Grondelle | title=Environmental Physics | edition=2nd| year=2000 | publisher=Wiley}} | |||
</ref> | |||
It is obtained integrating [[density|volumetric density]] <math>\rho</math> over a column:<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Visconti | first1 = Guido | title = Fundamentals of physics and chemistry of the atmosphere | year = 2001 | publisher = Springer | location = Berlin | isbn = 978-3-540-67420-7 | pages = 470 }}</ref> | |||
:<math>\sigma=\int \rho \; \mathrm d s.</math> | |||
In general the integration path can be slant or oblique incidence (as in, e.g., [[line of sight propogation]] in [[atmospheric physics]]). A common special case is a vertical path, from the bottom to the top of the medium: | |||
:<math>\sigma = \int \rho \; dz</math> | |||
where <math>z</math> denotes the vertical coordinate (e.g., height or depth). | |||
Columnar density <math>\rho_A</math> is closely related to the vertically averaged volumetric density <math>\bar{\rho}</math> as | |||
:<math>\bar{\rho} = \rho_A / \Delta z,</math> | |||
where <math>\Delta z = \int 1 \; dz</math>; notice that <math>\bar{\rho}</math>, <math>\rho_A</math>, and <math>\Delta z</math> have units of, e.g., grams per cubic metre, grams per square metre, and metres, respectively. | |||
=== Column number density === | |||
'''Column number density''' refers instead to a [[number density]] type of quantity: the number or count of a substance—rather than the mass—per unit area integrated along a path: | |||
:<math> | |||
N=\int n \; \mathrm d s. | |||
</math> | |||
==Usage== | |||
===Atmospheric physics=== | |||
It is a quantity commonly retrieved by [[remote sensing]] instruments, for instance the [[Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer]] (TOMS) which retrieves ozone columns around the globe. Columns are also returned by the [[differential absorption spectroscopy|differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS)]] method | |||
<ref name="Sinreich_etal2008"> | |||
{{cite news |author=R. Sinreich, U. Frieß, T. Wagner, S. Yilmaz and U. Platt| title=Retrieval of Aerosol Distributions by Multi-Axis Differential Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) |journal=Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols| year=2008 | pages= 1145–1149 | DOI=10.1007/978-1-4020-6475-3_227}} | |||
</ref> | |||
and are a common retrieval product from [[nadir]]-looking [[microwave]] [[radiometers]]. | |||
<ref name="Melseimer_Heygster2008"> | |||
{{cite news | author=C. Melsheimer and G. Heygster | year=2008| | |||
title=Improved retrieval of total water vapor over polar regions from [[Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit|AMSU]]-B microwave radiometer data| | |||
journal=IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.|volume=46|number=8| pages=2307–2322|doi=10.1109/TGRS.2008.918013}} | |||
</ref> | |||
<ref name="Melseimer_etal2009"> | |||
{{cite news|author=C. Melsheimer, G. Heygster, N. Mathew and L. Toudal Pedersen | year=2009| | |||
title=Retrieval of Sea Ice Emissivity and Integrated Retrieval of Surface and Atmospheric Parameters over the Arctic from [[AMSR]]-E data| journal=J. of the Remote Sens. Soc. of Japan | volume=29|number=1| pages= 236–241}} | |||
</ref> | |||
A closely related concept is that of ice or [[liquid water path]], which specifies the volume per unit area or depth instead of mass per unit area, thus the two are related: | |||
:<math> | |||
P = \frac{\sigma}{\rho_0} | |||
</math>, | |||
Another closely related concept is [[optical depth]]. | |||
===Astronomy=== | |||
{{expand section|date=October 2013}} | |||
===Other=== | |||
The area density is often used to describe the thickness of paper, e.g. 80 g/m<sup>2</sup> is very common. It is also an important quantity for the [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|absorption of radiation]]. When studying bodies falling through air, area density is important because resistance depends on area, and gravitational force is dependent on mass. | |||
[[Bone density]] may be measured in grams per square centimetre (g·cm<sup>−2</sup>). | |||
The [[body mass index]] is in terms of area density.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}<!-- See talk page --> | |||
The [[total electron content]] in the ionosphere is a quantity of type columnar number density. | |||
[[Snow water equivalent]] is a quantity of type columnar mass density. | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[Paper density]] | |||
==References== | |||
<references/> | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Area Density}} | |||
[[Category:Atmospheric sciences]] | |||
[[Category:Density]] | |||
[[Category:Classical mechanics]] | |||
Revision as of 20:38, 8 December 2013
- For computer memory comparisons, see computer storage density. For other meanings, see Density (disambiguation)
The area density (also known as areal density, surface density, or superficial density) of a two-dimensional object is calculated as the mass per unit area. The SI derived unit is: kilogram per square metre (kg·m−2).
Formulation
It can be calculated as:
or
where
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Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer.= average area density Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.
Professional agents are readily available once you need to discover an condominium for hire in singapore In some cases, landlords will take into account you more favourably in case your agent comes to them than for those who tried to method them by yourself. You need to be careful, nevertheless, as you resolve in your agent. Ensure that the agent you are contemplating working with is registered with the IEA – Institute of Estate Brokers. Whereas it might sound a hassle to you, will probably be worth it in the end. The IEA works by an ordinary algorithm and regulations, so you'll protect yourself in opposition to probably going with a rogue agent who prices you more than they should for his or her service in finding you an residence for lease in singapore.
There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity
This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.
A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.
If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.
Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer.= total mass of the object Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.
Professional agents are readily available once you need to discover an condominium for hire in singapore In some cases, landlords will take into account you more favourably in case your agent comes to them than for those who tried to method them by yourself. You need to be careful, nevertheless, as you resolve in your agent. Ensure that the agent you are contemplating working with is registered with the IEA – Institute of Estate Brokers. Whereas it might sound a hassle to you, will probably be worth it in the end. The IEA works by an ordinary algorithm and regulations, so you'll protect yourself in opposition to probably going with a rogue agent who prices you more than they should for his or her service in finding you an residence for lease in singapore.
There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity
This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.
A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.
If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.
Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer.= total area of the object Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.
Professional agents are readily available once you need to discover an condominium for hire in singapore In some cases, landlords will take into account you more favourably in case your agent comes to them than for those who tried to method them by yourself. You need to be careful, nevertheless, as you resolve in your agent. Ensure that the agent you are contemplating working with is registered with the IEA – Institute of Estate Brokers. Whereas it might sound a hassle to you, will probably be worth it in the end. The IEA works by an ordinary algorithm and regulations, so you'll protect yourself in opposition to probably going with a rogue agent who prices you more than they should for his or her service in finding you an residence for lease in singapore.
There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity
This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.
A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.
If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.
Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer.= average density Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.
Professional agents are readily available once you need to discover an condominium for hire in singapore In some cases, landlords will take into account you more favourably in case your agent comes to them than for those who tried to method them by yourself. You need to be careful, nevertheless, as you resolve in your agent. Ensure that the agent you are contemplating working with is registered with the IEA – Institute of Estate Brokers. Whereas it might sound a hassle to you, will probably be worth it in the end. The IEA works by an ordinary algorithm and regulations, so you'll protect yourself in opposition to probably going with a rogue agent who prices you more than they should for his or her service in finding you an residence for lease in singapore.
There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity
This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.
A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.
If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.
Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer.= average thickness of the object
Column density
A special type of area density is called column (mass) density (also columnar mass density), denoted ρA or σ. It is the mass of substance per unit area integrated along a path; [1] It is obtained integrating volumetric density over a column:[2]
In general the integration path can be slant or oblique incidence (as in, e.g., line of sight propogation in atmospheric physics). A common special case is a vertical path, from the bottom to the top of the medium:
where denotes the vertical coordinate (e.g., height or depth). Columnar density is closely related to the vertically averaged volumetric density as
where ; notice that , , and have units of, e.g., grams per cubic metre, grams per square metre, and metres, respectively.
Column number density
Column number density refers instead to a number density type of quantity: the number or count of a substance—rather than the mass—per unit area integrated along a path:
Usage
Atmospheric physics
It is a quantity commonly retrieved by remote sensing instruments, for instance the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) which retrieves ozone columns around the globe. Columns are also returned by the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) method [3] and are a common retrieval product from nadir-looking microwave radiometers. [4] [5]
A closely related concept is that of ice or liquid water path, which specifies the volume per unit area or depth instead of mass per unit area, thus the two are related:
Another closely related concept is optical depth.
Astronomy
Other
The area density is often used to describe the thickness of paper, e.g. 80 g/m2 is very common. It is also an important quantity for the absorption of radiation. When studying bodies falling through air, area density is important because resistance depends on area, and gravitational force is dependent on mass.
Bone density may be measured in grams per square centimetre (g·cm−2).
The body mass index is in terms of area density.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.
The total electron content in the ionosphere is a quantity of type columnar number density.
Snow water equivalent is a quantity of type columnar mass density.
See also
References
- ↑
20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite news