List of Chinese discoveries: Difference between revisions

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In [[computer science]], the '''ambient calculus''' is a [[process calculus]] devised by [[Luca Cardelli]] and [[Andrew D. Gordon]] in 1998, and used to describe and theorise about [[concurrent systems]] that include ''mobility''. Here ''mobility'' means both computation carried out on mobile devices (''i.e.'' networks that have a dynamic topology), and mobile computation (''i.e.'' executable code that is able to move around the network). The ambient calculus provides a unified framework for modeling both kinds of mobility.<ref name="cardelli1998">{{cite journal|last=Cardelli|first=L.|coauthors=A.D. Gordon|authorlink=Luca Cardelli|title=Mobile Ambients|journal=Proceedings of the First international Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structure (March 28 - April 4, 1998). M. Nivat, Ed. Lecture Notes in Computer Science| volume= 1378|publisher=Springer-Verlag|pages=140–155}}</ref> It is used to model interactions in such [[concurrent systems]] as the [[Internet]].
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Since its inception, the ambient calculus has grown into a family of closely related [http://xdguan.freezope.org/wiki/AmbientCalculiOnline ''ambient calculi''] {{Dead link|date=February 2014}}.
 
== Informal description ==
===Ambients===
The fundamental primitive of the ambient calculus is the '''ambient'''. An ambient is informally defined as a ''bounded'' place in which computation can occur. The notion of boundaries is considered key to representing mobility, since a boundary defines a contained computational agent that can be moved in its entirety.<ref name="cardelli1998"/> Examples of ambients include:
 
* a web page (bounded by a file)
* a virtual address space (bounded by an addressing range)
* a Unix file system (bounded within a physical volume)
* a single data object (bounded by  “[[this (computer science)|self]]”)
* a laptop (bounded by its case and data ports)
 
The key properties of ambients within the Ambient calculus are:
 
* Ambients have names, which are used to control access to the ambient
* Ambients can be nested inside other ambients (representing, for example, administrative domains)
* Ambients can be moved as a whole
 
===Operations===
Computation is represented as the crossing of boundaries, ''i.e.'' the movement of ambients. There are three basic operations (or capabilities) on ambients:<ref name="cardelli1998"/>
* <math>in\;m.P</math> instructs the surrounding ambient to enter some sibling ambient <math>m</math>, and then proceed as <math>P</math>
* <math>out\;m.P</math> instructs the surrounding ambient to exit its parent ambient <math>m</math>
* <math>open\;m.P</math> instructs the surrounding ambient to dissolve the boundary of an ambient <math>m</math> located at the same level
* <math>copy\;m.</math> makes any number of copy of something <math>m</math>
The Ambient calculus provides a reduction semantics that formally defines what the results of these operations are.
 
Communication ''within'' (''i.e.'' local to) an ambient is anonymous and asynchronous. Output actions release names or capabilities into the surrounding ambient. Input actions capture a value from the ambient, and bind it to a variable. ''Non-local'' I/O can be represented in terms of these local communications actions by a variety of means. One approach is to use mobile “messenger” agents that carry a message from one ambient to another (using the capabilities described above). Another approach is to emulate channel-based communications by modeling a channel in terms of ambients and operations on those ambients.<ref name="cardelli1998"/> The three basic ambient primitives, namely '''in''', '''out''', and '''open''' are expressive enough to simulate name-passing channels in the [[Pi-calculus|π-calculus]].
 
== See also ==
* [[lambda calculus]]
* [[type theory]]
* [[API-Calculus]]
 
==External links==
*[http://lucacardelli.name/Ambients.html Mobile Computational Ambients] {{Dead link|date=February 2014}} by [[Luca Cardelli]]
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Process calculi]]

Latest revision as of 00:51, 28 November 2014

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