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In the mathematical fields of [[general topology]] and [[descriptive set theory]], a '''meagre set''' (also called a '''meager set''' or a '''set of first category''') is a set that, considered as a [[subset]] of a (usually larger) [[topological space]], is in a precise sense small or [[negligible set|negligible]]. The meagre subsets of a fixed space form a [[sigma-ideal]] of subsets; that is, any subset of a meagre set is meagre, and the [[union (mathematics)|union]] of [[countable set|countably]] many meagre sets is meagre. | |||
General topologists use the term [[Baire space]] to refer to a broad class of topological spaces on which the notion of meagre set is not trivial (in particular, the entire space is not meagre). [[Descriptive set theory|Descriptive set theorists]] mostly study meagre sets as subsets of the [[real number]]s, or more generally any [[Polish space]], and reserve the term [[Baire space (set theory)|Baire space]] for one particular Polish space. | |||
The [[complement (set theory)|complement]] of a meagre set is a '''comeagre set''' or '''residual set'''. | |||
== Definition == | |||
Given a topological space ''X'', a subset ''A'' of ''X'' is meagre if it can be expressed as the union of countably many ''[[nowhere dense]]'' subsets of ''X''. [[Duality (mathematics)|Dually]], a comeagre set is one whose [[complement (set theory)|complement]] is meagre, or equivalently, the [[intersection (set theory)|intersection]] of countably many sets with dense interiors. | |||
A subset ''B'' of ''X'' is '''nowhere dense''' if there is no [[neighborhood (mathematics)|neighbourhood]] on which ''B'' is [[dense set|dense]]: for any nonempty open set ''U'' in ''X'', there is a nonempty open set ''V'' contained in ''U'' such that ''V'' and ''B'' are [[disjoint sets|disjoint]]. | |||
The complement of a nowhere dense set is a dense set. More precisely, the complement of a nowhere dense set is a set with ''dense [[interior (topology)|interior]]''. Not every dense set has a nowhere dense complement. The complement of a dense set can have nowhere dense, and dense regions. | |||
=== Relation to Borel hierarchy === | |||
Just as a nowhere dense subset need not be closed, but is always contained in a closed nowhere dense subset (viz, its closure), a meagre set need not be an [[Fσ set|F<sub>σ</sub> set]] (countable union of closed sets), but is always contained in an F<sub>σ</sub> set made from nowhere dense sets (by taking the closure of each set). | |||
Dually, just as the complement of a nowhere dense set need not be open, but has a dense [[interior (topology)|interior]] (contains a dense open set), a comeagre set need not be a [[Gδ set|G<sub>δ</sub> set]] (countable intersection of [[open set|open]] sets), but contains a dense G<sub>δ</sub> set formed from dense open sets. | |||
==Terminology== | |||
A meagre set is also called a ''set of first category''; a nonmeagre set (that is, a set that is not meagre) is also called a ''set of second category''. Second category does ''not'' mean comeagre – a set may be neither meagre nor comeagre (in this case it will be of second category). | |||
==Properties== | |||
* Any subset of a meagre set is meagre; any superset of a comeagre set is comeagre. | |||
* The union of countable many meagre sets is also meagre; the intersection of countably many comeagre sets is comeagre. | |||
::This follows from the fact that a countable union of countable sets is countable. | |||
==Banach–Mazur game== | |||
Meagre sets have a useful alternative characterization in terms of the [[Banach–Mazur game]]. If <math>Y</math> is a topological space, <math>W</math> is a family of subsets of <math>Y</math> which have nonempty interior such that every nonempty open set has a subset in <math>W</math>, and <math>X</math> is any subset of <math>Y</math>, then there is a Banach-Mazur game corresponding to <math>X, Y, W</math>. In the Banach-Mazur game, two players, <math>P_1</math> and <math>P_2</math>, alternate choosing successively smaller (in terms of the subset relation) elements of <math>W</math> to produce a descending sequence <math>W_1 \supset W_2 \supset W_3 \supset \dotsb</math>. If the intersection of this sequence contains a point in <math>X</math>, <math>P_1</math> wins; otherwise, <math>P_2</math> wins. If <math>W</math> is any family of sets meeting the above criteria, then <math>P_2</math> has a [[winning strategy]] if and only if <math>X</math> is meagre. | |||
==Examples== | |||
=== Subsets of the reals === | |||
* The [[rational numbers]] are meagre as a subset of the reals and as a space – that is, they do not form a [[Baire space]]. | |||
* The [[Cantor set]] is meagre as a subset of the reals, but ''not'' as a space, since it is a complete metric space and is thus a [[Baire space]], by the [[Baire category theorem]]. | |||
=== Function spaces === | |||
* The set of functions which have a derivative at some point is a meagre set in the space of all [[continuous function]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Banach, S.|title=Über die Baire'sche Kategorie gewisser Funktionenmengen|journal=Studia. Math.|issue=3|year=1931|pages=174–179}}</ref> | |||
== Notes == | |||
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> | |||
<references /> | |||
</div> | |||
== See also == | |||
* [[Baire category theorem]] | |||
* [[Generic property]], for analogs to residual | |||
* [[Negligible set]], for analogs to meagre | |||
== External links == | |||
* [http://mathoverflow.net/questions/43478/is-there-a-measure-zero-set-which-isnt-meagre Is there a measure zero set which isn’t meagre?] | |||
[[Category:General topology]] | |||
[[Category:Descriptive set theory]] | |||
Revision as of 19:36, 29 January 2014
In the mathematical fields of general topology and descriptive set theory, a meagre set (also called a meager set or a set of first category) is a set that, considered as a subset of a (usually larger) topological space, is in a precise sense small or negligible. The meagre subsets of a fixed space form a sigma-ideal of subsets; that is, any subset of a meagre set is meagre, and the union of countably many meagre sets is meagre.
General topologists use the term Baire space to refer to a broad class of topological spaces on which the notion of meagre set is not trivial (in particular, the entire space is not meagre). Descriptive set theorists mostly study meagre sets as subsets of the real numbers, or more generally any Polish space, and reserve the term Baire space for one particular Polish space.
The complement of a meagre set is a comeagre set or residual set.
Definition
Given a topological space X, a subset A of X is meagre if it can be expressed as the union of countably many nowhere dense subsets of X. Dually, a comeagre set is one whose complement is meagre, or equivalently, the intersection of countably many sets with dense interiors.
A subset B of X is nowhere dense if there is no neighbourhood on which B is dense: for any nonempty open set U in X, there is a nonempty open set V contained in U such that V and B are disjoint.
The complement of a nowhere dense set is a dense set. More precisely, the complement of a nowhere dense set is a set with dense interior. Not every dense set has a nowhere dense complement. The complement of a dense set can have nowhere dense, and dense regions.
Relation to Borel hierarchy
Just as a nowhere dense subset need not be closed, but is always contained in a closed nowhere dense subset (viz, its closure), a meagre set need not be an Fσ set (countable union of closed sets), but is always contained in an Fσ set made from nowhere dense sets (by taking the closure of each set).
Dually, just as the complement of a nowhere dense set need not be open, but has a dense interior (contains a dense open set), a comeagre set need not be a Gδ set (countable intersection of open sets), but contains a dense Gδ set formed from dense open sets.
Terminology
A meagre set is also called a set of first category; a nonmeagre set (that is, a set that is not meagre) is also called a set of second category. Second category does not mean comeagre – a set may be neither meagre nor comeagre (in this case it will be of second category).
Properties
- Any subset of a meagre set is meagre; any superset of a comeagre set is comeagre.
- The union of countable many meagre sets is also meagre; the intersection of countably many comeagre sets is comeagre.
- This follows from the fact that a countable union of countable sets is countable.
Banach–Mazur game
Meagre sets have a useful alternative characterization in terms of the Banach–Mazur game. If is a topological space, is a family of subsets of which have nonempty interior such that every nonempty open set has a subset in , and is any subset of , then there is a Banach-Mazur game corresponding to . In the Banach-Mazur game, two players, and , alternate choosing successively smaller (in terms of the subset relation) elements of to produce a descending sequence . If the intersection of this sequence contains a point in , wins; otherwise, wins. If is any family of sets meeting the above criteria, then has a winning strategy if and only if is meagre.
Examples
Subsets of the reals
- The rational numbers are meagre as a subset of the reals and as a space – that is, they do not form a Baire space.
- The Cantor set is meagre as a subset of the reals, but not as a space, since it is a complete metric space and is thus a Baire space, by the Baire category theorem.
Function spaces
- The set of functions which have a derivative at some point is a meagre set in the space of all continuous functions.[1]
Notes
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See also
- Baire category theorem
- Generic property, for analogs to residual
- Negligible set, for analogs to meagre