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{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Standard model of particle physics}}
In the [[physics|physical sciences]], '''subatomic particles''' are [[particle]]s smaller than [[atom]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subatomic particles|url=http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Radiography/subatomicparticles.htm|publisher=NTD|accessdate=5 June 2012}}</ref> (although some subatomic particles have mass greater than some atoms). There are two types of subatomic particles: [[elementary particle]]s, which according to current theories are not made of other particles; and ''composite'' particles.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bolonkin|first=Alexander|title=Universe, Human Immortality and Future Human Evaluation|year=2011|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780124158016|pages=25}}</ref> [[Particle physics]] and [[nuclear physics]] study these particles and how they [[interaction|interact]]<!-- please do not change to [[fundamental interaction]]: what nuclear physics studies by no means isn’t FUNDAMENTAL -->.<ref name=IntroQM1>
{{Cite book
| last = Fritzsch  | first = Harald
| year = 2005
| title = Elementary Particles
| url = http://books.google.com/?id=KFodZ8oHz2sC&printsec=frontcover
| pages = 11–20
| publisher = [[World Scientific]]
| isbn = 978-981-256-141-1
}}</ref>


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In particle physics, the concept of a particle is one of several concepts inherited from [[classical physics]]. But is also reflects the modern understanding that at the [[quantum physics|quantum]] scale [[matter]] and [[energy]] behave very differently from what much of everyday experience would lead us to expect.
 
The idea of a particle underwent serious rethinking in light of experiments that showed that light could behave like a stream of particles (called [[photon]]s) as well as exhibit wave-like properties. This led to the new concept of [[wave–particle duality]] to reflect that quantum-scale "particles" behave like both particles and waves. Another new concept, the [[uncertainty principle]], states that such their properties as [[position (vector)|position]] and [[momentum]] cannot be measured exactly. In more recent times, wave–particle duality has been shown to apply not only to photons but to increasingly massive particles.<ref>
{{Cite journal
| author =
| year = 2000
| title = Wave-particle duality of C60 molecules
| first6 =Anton
| last6 =Zeilinger
| first5 =Gerbrand
| last5 =Van Der Zouw
| first4 =Claudia
| last4 =Keller
| first3 =Julian
| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
| last3 =Vos-Andreae
| volume = 401
| first2 =Olaf
| doi =10.1038/44348
| last2 =Nairz
| bibcode = 1999Natur.401..680A |issue= 6754 |pages = 680–682
| last1 = Arndt
| first1 = Markus
| pmid=18494170
}}</ref>
 
Interactions of particles in the framework of [[quantum field theory]] are understood as creation and annihilation of ''[[quantum|quanta]]'' of corresponding [[fundamental interaction]]s. This blends particle physics with [[Quantum field theory|field theory]].
 
==Classification==
=== By statistics===
{{main|Spin–statistics theorem}}
Any subatomic particle, like any particle in the 3-dimensional [[space]] that obeys laws of [[quantum mechanics]], can be either a [[boson]] (that means an integer [[spin (physics)|spin]]) or a [[fermion]] (that means a half-integer spin).
 
=== By composition ===
The elementary particles of the [[Standard Model]] include:<ref name=IntroSM1>
{{Cite book
| last = Cottingham | first = W. N.
| last2 =  Greenwood |first2 =D. A.
| year = 2007
| title = An introduction to the standard model of particle physics
| url = http://books.google.com/?id=Dm36BYq9iu0C&printsec=frontcover
| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
| page = 1
| isbn = 978-0-521-85249-4
}}</ref>
*Six "[[Flavour (particle physics)|flavors]]" of [[quark]]s: [[Up quark|up]], [[Down quark|down]], [[Bottom quark|bottom]], [[Top quark|top]], [[Strange quark|strange]], and [[Charm quark|charm]];
*Six types of [[lepton]]s: [[electron]], [[electron neutrino]], [[muon]], [[muon neutrino]], [[tau (particle)|tau]], [[tau neutrino]];
*Twelve [[gauge boson]]s (force carriers): the [[photon]] of [[electromagnetism]], the three [[W and Z bosons]] of the [[weak interaction|weak force]], and the eight [[gluon]]s of the [[strong force]];
*The [[Higgs boson]].
Various [[Physics beyond the Standard Model|extensions of the Standard Model]] predict the existence of an elementary [[graviton]] particle and [[List of elementary particles#Hypothetical particles|many other elementary particles]].
 
Composite subatomic particles (such as [[proton]]s or atomic [[Atomic nucleus|nuclei]]) are [[bound state]]s of two or more [[elementary particle]]s. For example, a proton is made of two [[up quark]]s and one [[down quark]], while the atomic nucleus of [[helium-4]] is composed of two protons and two [[neutron]]s. Composite particles include all [[hadron]]s: these include [[baryon]]s (such as protons and neutrons) and [[meson]]s (such as [[pion]]s and [[kaon]]s).
 
=== By mass ===
In [[special relativity]], the [[Mass–energy equivalence|energy of a particle equals its mass times the speed of light squared]] (<math>E = mc^2 \!</math>). That is, [[mass]] can be expressed in terms of [[energy]] and vice versa. If a particle has a [[frame of reference]] where it lies [[rest (physics)|at rest]], then it has a positive [[rest mass]] and is referred to as ''massive''.  
 
All composite particles are massive. Baryons (meaning "heavy") tends to have greater mass than mesons (meaning "intermediate"), that in turn tends to be heavier than leptons (meaning "lightweight"), but the heaviest lepton (the [[tau particle]]) is heavier than two lightest flavours of baryons ([[nucleon]]s). It is also certain that any particle with an [[electric charge]] is massive.
 
All [[massless particle]]s (those [[invariant mass]] is zero) are elementary. These are photon and gluon, although the latter cannot be isolated.
 
The question of the masses of [[neutrino]]s is uncertain.
 
==Other properties==
 
Through the work of [[Albert Einstein]], [[Louis de Broglie]], and many others, current scientific theory holds that ''all'' particles also have a wave nature.<ref>
{{Cite book
| author = Walter Greiner
| year = 2001
| title = Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction
| url = http://books.google.com/?id=7qCMUfwoQcAC&pg=PA29
| page = 29
| publisher = [[Springer (publisher)|Springer]]
| isbn = 3-540-67458-6
}}</ref> This has been verified not only for elementary particles but also for compound particles like atoms and even molecules. In fact, according to traditional formulations of non-relativistic quantum mechanics, wave–particle duality applies to all objects, even macroscopic ones; although wave properties of macroscopic objects cannot be detected due to their small wavelengths.<ref>
{{Cite book
|author=R. Eisberg and R. Resnick
|year=1985
|title=Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles
|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]
|edition=2nd |pages=59–60
|isbn=0-471-87373-X
|quote=For both large and small wavelengths, both matter and radiation have both particle and wave aspects. [...] But the wave aspects of their motion become more difficult to observe as their wavelengths become shorter. [...] For ordinary macroscopic particles the mass is so large that the momentum is always sufficiently large to make the de Broglie wavelength small enough to be beyond the range of experimental detection, and classical mechanics reigns supreme.
}}</ref>
 
Interactions between particles have been scrutinized for many centuries, and a few simple laws underpin how particles behave in collisions and interactions. The most fundamental of these are the laws of [[conservation of energy]] and [[conservation of momentum]], which let us make calculations of particle interactions on scales of magnitude that range from stars to [[quark]]s.<ref>[[Isaac Newton]] (1687). [[Newton's Laws of Motion]] (''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'')</ref> These are the prerequisite basics of [[Newtonian mechanics]], a series of statements and equations in ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'', originally published in 1687.
 
==Dividing an atom==
The negatively-charged electron has a mass equal to {{frac|1836}} of that of a [[hydrogen]] atom. The remainder of the hydrogen atom's mass comes from the positively charged [[proton]]. The [[atomic number]] of an element is the number of protons in its nucleus. Neutrons are neutral particles having a mass slightly greater than that of the proton. Different [[isotope]]s of the same element contain the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons. The [[mass number]] of an isotope is the total number of [[nucleon]]s (neutrons and protons collectively).
 
[[Chemistry]] concerns itself with how electron sharing binds atoms into structures such as crystals and [[molecule]]s. [[Nuclear physics]] deals with how protons and neutrons arrange themselves in nuclei. The study of subatomic particles, atoms and molecules, and their structure and interactions, requires [[quantum mechanics]]. Analyzing processes that change the numbers and types of particles requires [[quantum field theory]]. The study of subatomic particles ''per se'' is called [[particle physics]]. The term ''[[high-energy physics]]'' is nearly synonymous to "particle physics" since creation of particles requires high energies: it occurs only as a result of [[cosmic ray]]s, or in [[particle accelerator]]s. [[phenomenology (particle physics)|Particle phenomenology]] systematizes the knowledge about subatomic particles obtained from these experiments.
 
==History==
{{main|History of subatomic physics|Timeline of particle discoveries}}
The term "''subatomic'' particle" is largely a [[retronym]] of 1960s made to distinguish a big number of [[baryon]]s and [[meson]]s (that comprise [[hadron]]s) from particles that are now thought to be [[elementary particle|truly elementary]]. Before that hadrons were usually classified as "elementary" because their composition was unknown.
 
A list of important discoveries follows:
{| class="wikitable"
!Particle
!Composition
!Theorized
!Discovered
!Comments
|-
|[[Electron]] {{subatomic particle|electron}}
|elementary ([[lepton]])
|[[G. Johnstone Stoney]] (1874)
|[[J. J. Thomson]] (1897)
|Minimum unit of electrical charge, for which Stoney suggested the name in 1891.<ref>
{{Cite book
| last = Klemperer | first = Otto
| year = 1959
| title = Electron Physics: The Physics of the Free Electron
| page =
| publisher = [[Academic Press]]
| isbn =
}}</ref>
|-
|[[alpha particle]] {{subatomic particle|alpha}}
|composite (atomic nucleus)
|never
|[[Ernest Rutherford]] (1899)
|-
|[[Photon]] {{subatomic particle|photon}}
|elementary ([[quantum]])
|[[Max Planck]] (1900)
|[[Albert Einstein]] (1905)<small><br/> or Ernest Rutherford (1899) as [[Gamma ray|γ rays]]</small>
|Necessary to solve the problem of [[black body radiation]] in [[thermodynamics]].
|-
|[[Proton]] {{subatomic particle|proton}}
|composite ([[baryon]])
|Long ago
|Ernest Rutherford (1918)
|The nucleus of {{SimpleNuclide2|hydrogen|1|link=yes}}.
|-
|[[Neutron]] {{subatomic particle|neutron}}
|composite (baryon)
|Ernest Rutherford ({{circa}}1918)
|[[James Chadwick]] (1932)
|The second [[nucleon]].
|-
|[[Antiparticle]]s
|&nbsp;
|[[Paul Dirac]] (1928)
|[[Carl D. Anderson]] ({{subatomic particle|positron|link=yes}}, 1932)
|Now explained with [[CPT symmetry]].
|-
|[[Pion]]s {{subatomic particle|pion}}
|composite ([[meson]]s)
|[[Hideki Yukawa]] (1935)
|[[César Lattes]], [[Giuseppe Occhialini]] (1947) and [[Cecil Powell]]
|Explains the [[nuclear force]] between nucleons. The first meson discovered.
|-
|[[Muon]] {{subatomic particle|muon}}
|elementary (lepton)
|never
|Carl D. Anderson (1936)
|Initially mistaken for a meson.
|-
|[[Kaon]]s {{subatomic particle|kaon}}
|composite (mesons)
|never
|1947
|Discovered in [[cosmic ray]]s. The first [[strange particle]].
|-
|[[Lambda baryon]]s {{subatomic particle|Lambda}}
|composite (baryons)
|never
  |[[University of Melbourne]] ({{subatomic particle|Lambda0}}, 1950)<ref>Some sources such as [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/Particles/quark.html#c4 The Strange Quark] indicate 1947.</ref>
|The first [[hyperon]] discovered.
|-
|[[Neutrino]] {{subatomic particle|neutrino}}
|elementary (lepton)
|[[Wolfgang Pauli]] (1930), named by [[Enrico Fermi]]
|[[Clyde Cowan]], [[Frederick Reines]] ({{subatomic particle|electron neutrino|link=yes}}, 1956)
|Solved the problem of energy [[spectrum]] of [[beta decay]].
|-
|[[Quark]]s<br/>({{subatomic particle|up quark}}, {{subatomic particle|down quark}}, {{subatomic particle|strange quark}})
|elementary
|[[Murray Gell-Mann]], [[George Zweig]] (1964)
| colspan=2 |No particular confirmation event for the [[quark model]].
|-
|[[charm quark]] {{subatomic particle|charm quark}}
|elementary (quark)
|1970
|1974
|-
|[[bottom quark]] {{subatomic particle|bottom quark}}
|elementary (quark)
|1973
|1977
|-
|[[W and Z bosons|Weak gauge bosons]]
|elementary (quantum)
|[[Sheldon Glashow|Glashow]], [[Steven Weinberg|Weinberg]], [[Abdus Salam|Salam]] (1968)
|[[CERN]] (1983)
|Properties verified through the 1990s.
|-
|[[top quark]] {{subatomic particle|top quark}}
|elementary (quark)
|1973
|1995
|Does not [[hadronization|hadronize]], but is necessary to complete the Standard Model.
|-
|[[Higgs boson]]
|elementary (quantum)
|[[Peter Higgs]] et al. (1964)
|CERN (2012)
|Thought to be confirmed in 2013.
|-
|[[Tetraquark]]
|composite
|?
|[[Zc(3900)|Z<sub>c</sub>(3900)]], 2013,<small> to be confirmed as a tetraquark</small>
|A new class of hadrons.
|-
|[[Graviton]]
|elementary (quantum)
|Albert Einstein (1916)
|Not discovered
|Interpretation of a [[gravitational wave]] (also hypothetical) as a particle is controversial.
|-
|[[Magnetic monopole]]
|elementary (unclassified)
|Paul Dirac (1931)
|Not discovered
|}
 
==See also==
{{portal|Physics}}
{{cmn|3|
*''[[Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos]]'' (book)
*[[CPT invariance]]
*[[Dark Matter]]
*[[Hot spot effect in subatomic physics]]
*[[List of fictional elements, materials, isotopes and atomic particles]]
*[[List of particles]]
*[[Poincaré symmetry]]
*[[Ylem]]
}}
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
==Further reading==
;General readers
*[[Richard Feynman|Feynman, R.P.]] & [[Steven Weinberg|Weinberg, S.]] (1987). ''Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics: The 1986 Dirac Memorial Lectures''. Cambridge Univ. Press.
*{{Cite book| author=[[Brian Greene]] | title=[[The Elegant Universe]] | publisher=W.W. Norton & Company | year=1999 | isbn=0-393-05858-1}}
*Oerter, Robert (2006). ''The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics''. Plume.
*Schumm, Bruce A. (2004). ''Deep Down Things: The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics''. John Hopkins Univ. Press. ISBN 0-8018-7971-X.
*{{Cite book| author=[[Martinus Veltman]] | title=Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics | publisher=World Scientific | year=2003 | isbn=981-238-149-X}}
 
;Textbooks
*Coughlan, G. D., J. E. Dodd, and B. M. Gripaios (2006). ''The Ideas of Particle Physics: An Introduction for Scientists'', 3rd ed. Cambridge Univ. Press. An undergraduate text for those not majoring in physics.
*{{Cite book| author=Griffiths, David J. | title=Introduction to Elementary Particles | publisher=Wiley, John & Sons, Inc | year=1987 | isbn=0-471-60386-4}}
*{{Cite book| author=Kane, Gordon L. | title=Modern Elementary Particle Physics | publisher=Perseus Books | year=1987 | isbn=0-201-11749-5}}
 
==External links==
*[http://particleadventure.org/frameless/standard_model.html particleadventure.org: The Standard Model.]
*[http://www.cpepweb.org/cpep_sm_large.html cpepweb.org: Particle chart.]
*[http://pdg.lbl.gov/ University of California: Particle Data Group.]
*[http://web.mit.edu/redingtn/www/netadv/qft.html Annotated Physics Encyclopædia: Quantum Field Theory.]
*[http://jgalvez.home.cern.ch/jgalvez/School/pdf/LM-WeakIteractions.pdf Jose Galvez: Chapter 1 Electrodynamics (pdf).]
 
{{-}}
{{Composition}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Subatomic Particle}}
[[Category:Subatomic particles| ]]
[[Category:Quantum mechanics]]

Revision as of 17:29, 26 January 2014

Template:Pp-move-indef Template:Standard model of particle physics In the physical sciences, subatomic particles are particles smaller than atoms.[1] (although some subatomic particles have mass greater than some atoms). There are two types of subatomic particles: elementary particles, which according to current theories are not made of other particles; and composite particles.[2] Particle physics and nuclear physics study these particles and how they interact.[3]

In particle physics, the concept of a particle is one of several concepts inherited from classical physics. But is also reflects the modern understanding that at the quantum scale matter and energy behave very differently from what much of everyday experience would lead us to expect.

The idea of a particle underwent serious rethinking in light of experiments that showed that light could behave like a stream of particles (called photons) as well as exhibit wave-like properties. This led to the new concept of wave–particle duality to reflect that quantum-scale "particles" behave like both particles and waves. Another new concept, the uncertainty principle, states that such their properties as position and momentum cannot be measured exactly. In more recent times, wave–particle duality has been shown to apply not only to photons but to increasingly massive particles.[4]

Interactions of particles in the framework of quantum field theory are understood as creation and annihilation of quanta of corresponding fundamental interactions. This blends particle physics with field theory.

Classification

By statistics

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. Any subatomic particle, like any particle in the 3-dimensional space that obeys laws of quantum mechanics, can be either a boson (that means an integer spin) or a fermion (that means a half-integer spin).

By composition

The elementary particles of the Standard Model include:[5]

Various extensions of the Standard Model predict the existence of an elementary graviton particle and many other elementary particles.

Composite subatomic particles (such as protons or atomic nuclei) are bound states of two or more elementary particles. For example, a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark, while the atomic nucleus of helium-4 is composed of two protons and two neutrons. Composite particles include all hadrons: these include baryons (such as protons and neutrons) and mesons (such as pions and kaons).

By mass

In special relativity, the energy of a particle equals its mass times the speed of light squared (E=mc2). That is, mass can be expressed in terms of energy and vice versa. If a particle has a frame of reference where it lies at rest, then it has a positive rest mass and is referred to as massive.

All composite particles are massive. Baryons (meaning "heavy") tends to have greater mass than mesons (meaning "intermediate"), that in turn tends to be heavier than leptons (meaning "lightweight"), but the heaviest lepton (the tau particle) is heavier than two lightest flavours of baryons (nucleons). It is also certain that any particle with an electric charge is massive.

All massless particles (those invariant mass is zero) are elementary. These are photon and gluon, although the latter cannot be isolated.

The question of the masses of neutrinos is uncertain.

Other properties

Through the work of Albert Einstein, Louis de Broglie, and many others, current scientific theory holds that all particles also have a wave nature.[6] This has been verified not only for elementary particles but also for compound particles like atoms and even molecules. In fact, according to traditional formulations of non-relativistic quantum mechanics, wave–particle duality applies to all objects, even macroscopic ones; although wave properties of macroscopic objects cannot be detected due to their small wavelengths.[7]

Interactions between particles have been scrutinized for many centuries, and a few simple laws underpin how particles behave in collisions and interactions. The most fundamental of these are the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum, which let us make calculations of particle interactions on scales of magnitude that range from stars to quarks.[8] These are the prerequisite basics of Newtonian mechanics, a series of statements and equations in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, originally published in 1687.

Dividing an atom

The negatively-charged electron has a mass equal to Template:Frac of that of a hydrogen atom. The remainder of the hydrogen atom's mass comes from the positively charged proton. The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in its nucleus. Neutrons are neutral particles having a mass slightly greater than that of the proton. Different isotopes of the same element contain the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons. The mass number of an isotope is the total number of nucleons (neutrons and protons collectively).

Chemistry concerns itself with how electron sharing binds atoms into structures such as crystals and molecules. Nuclear physics deals with how protons and neutrons arrange themselves in nuclei. The study of subatomic particles, atoms and molecules, and their structure and interactions, requires quantum mechanics. Analyzing processes that change the numbers and types of particles requires quantum field theory. The study of subatomic particles per se is called particle physics. The term high-energy physics is nearly synonymous to "particle physics" since creation of particles requires high energies: it occurs only as a result of cosmic rays, or in particle accelerators. Particle phenomenology systematizes the knowledge about subatomic particles obtained from these experiments.

History

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. The term "subatomic particle" is largely a retronym of 1960s made to distinguish a big number of baryons and mesons (that comprise hadrons) from particles that are now thought to be truly elementary. Before that hadrons were usually classified as "elementary" because their composition was unknown.

A list of important discoveries follows:

Particle Composition Theorized Discovered Comments
Electron Template:Subatomic particle elementary (lepton) G. Johnstone Stoney (1874) J. J. Thomson (1897) Minimum unit of electrical charge, for which Stoney suggested the name in 1891.[9]
alpha particle Template:Subatomic particle composite (atomic nucleus) never Ernest Rutherford (1899)
Photon Template:Subatomic particle elementary (quantum) Max Planck (1900) Albert Einstein (1905)
or Ernest Rutherford (1899) as γ rays 		Necessary to solve the problem of black body radiation in thermodynamics.
Proton Template:Subatomic particle composite (baryon) Long ago Ernest Rutherford (1918) The nucleus of Template:SimpleNuclide2.
Neutron Template:Subatomic particle composite (baryon) Ernest Rutherford (Template:Circa1918) James Chadwick (1932) The second nucleon.
Antiparticles   Paul Dirac (1928) Carl D. Anderson (Template:Subatomic particle, 1932) Now explained with CPT symmetry.
Pions Template:Subatomic particle composite (mesons) Hideki Yukawa (1935) César Lattes, Giuseppe Occhialini (1947) and Cecil Powell Explains the nuclear force between nucleons. The first meson discovered.
Muon Template:Subatomic particle elementary (lepton) never Carl D. Anderson (1936) Initially mistaken for a meson.
Kaons Template:Subatomic particle composite (mesons) never 1947 Discovered in cosmic rays. The first strange particle.
Lambda baryons Template:Subatomic particle composite (baryons) never University of Melbourne (Template:Subatomic particle, 1950)[10] The first hyperon discovered.
Neutrino Template:Subatomic particle elementary (lepton) Wolfgang Pauli (1930), named by Enrico Fermi Clyde Cowan, Frederick Reines (Template:Subatomic particle, 1956) Solved the problem of energy spectrum of beta decay.
Quarks
(Template:Subatomic particle, Template:Subatomic particle, Template:Subatomic particle) 		elementary Murray Gell-Mann, George Zweig (1964) No particular confirmation event for the quark model.
charm quark Template:Subatomic particle elementary (quark) 1970 1974
bottom quark Template:Subatomic particle elementary (quark) 1973 1977
Weak gauge bosons elementary (quantum) Glashow, Weinberg, Salam (1968) CERN (1983) Properties verified through the 1990s.
top quark Template:Subatomic particle elementary (quark) 1973 1995 Does not hadronize, but is necessary to complete the Standard Model.
Higgs boson elementary (quantum) Peter Higgs et al. (1964) CERN (2012) Thought to be confirmed in 2013.
Tetraquark composite ? Zc(3900), 2013, to be confirmed as a tetraquark A new class of hadrons.
Graviton elementary (quantum) Albert Einstein (1916) Not discovered Interpretation of a gravitational wave (also hypothetical) as a particle is controversial.
Magnetic monopole elementary (unclassified) Paul Dirac (1931) Not discovered

See also

Sportspersons Hyslop from Nicolet, usually spends time with pastimes for example martial arts, property developers condominium in singapore singapore and hot rods. Maintains a trip site and has lots to write about after touring Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana. Template:Cmn

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

Further reading

General readers
  • Feynman, R.P. & Weinberg, S. (1987). Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics: The 1986 Dirac Memorial Lectures. Cambridge Univ. Press.
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • Oerter, Robert (2006). The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics. Plume.
  • Schumm, Bruce A. (2004). Deep Down Things: The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics. John Hopkins Univ. Press. ISBN 0-8018-7971-X.
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
Textbooks
  • Coughlan, G. D., J. E. Dodd, and B. M. Gripaios (2006). The Ideas of Particle Physics: An Introduction for Scientists, 3rd ed. Cambridge Univ. Press. An undergraduate text for those not majoring in physics.
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

External links

Benefits of Residing in a Apartment or Landed property in Singapore Property New Launches & Project Showcase In Singapore Many residential Singapore property sales involve buying property in Singapore at new launches. These are often homes underneath building, being sold new by developers. New Launch Singapore Property, 28 Imperial Residences Coming To Geylang Lorong 26 The property market is slowing down, based on personal property transactions in May Cell Apps FREE Sign Up Log in Property Brokers Feedback

Individuals all wish to be seen having the identical foresight as the experts in property investment or the massive names in their own fields. Thus the discharge of these tales works to encourage different buyers to observe suit. Bartley Ridge is the most popular new launch in district 13. Irresistible pricing from $1,1xx psf. Bartley Ridge is a ninety nine-12 months leasehold new condominium at Mount Vernon road, good next to Bartley MRT station (CC12). If you want to get more Rehda Johor chairman Koh Moo Hing said potential property consumers in the two areas Http://Modern.Dowatch.Net/Profile/Mic31K/Created/Topics are now adopting a wait-and-see attitude. How can I get the ebrochure and flooring plans of the new launch projects ? The Existing Mortgage on your HDB District 13, Freehold condominium District 11, Freehold Cluster landed house Sea Horizon EC @ Pasir Ris

FindSgNewLaunch is the main Singapore Property web site - one of the best place to begin your actual estate search whether you might be an investor, shopping for for own use, or searching for a spot to lease. With detailed details about each property, together with maps and pictures. We deliver you probably the most complete choice out there. No. For brand spanking new Singapore property gross sales, you possibly can withdraw at any time earlier than booking the unit, without penalty. On the preview, the agent will let you recognize the exact worth for you to resolve whether or not to proceed or not. Solely when you resolve to proceed will the agent book the unit for you. Pending for Sale Licence Approval All Pending for Sale Licence Approval New launch FREEHOLD condominium @ Braddell New launch condominium combined growth at Yishun PROJECT TITLE

To not worry, we'll hold you in our VIP Precedence list for future new launch VIP Preview. We'll contact you to establish your wants and advocate related tasks, both new launch or resale properties that probably match your standards. In case you're looking for resale property, such as these few years old, or just got Short-term Occupation Permit (PRIME), you might click on here right here for fast search and submit your shortlisted listings to us, we'll check and call you for viewing.

Oceanfront Suites, irresistible pricing for a 946 leasehold property with magnificent sea view. Dreaming of basking and feeling the warmth of pure sunlight is now just a click on away. Oceanfront Suites - Seaside residing no longer needs to remain an unattainable This Cambodia new launch, a mega development has also 762 residential models. Additionally located within this Oxley abroad property is a mega shopping center with 627 outlets and also up to 963 available workplace spaces and is surrounded by quite a few Embassy, resorts, Casinos and many vacationer relax space. Belysa EC @ Pasir Ris Esparina EC @ Sengkang Dell Launches World's first Gender-GEDI Female Entrepreneurship Index on 06/04/thirteen by Istanbul, Turkey. Paris Ris EC @ Paris Ris in search of indication of curiosity.

The developer should open a Venture Account with a financial institution or monetary establishment for every housing venture he undertakes, before he's issued with a Sale License (license to sell models in his development). All payments from buyers before completion of the challenge, and construction loans, go into the mission account. New launch rental LA FIESTA, an thrilling new condominium located along Sengkang Square / Compassvale Highway is a brief stroll to the bustling Sengkang City Centre the place the bus interchange, Sengkang MRT and LRT stations are located. Glorious location,Premium rental with Bayfront resort lifestyle theme and views ofwaterscape. Close to EC pricing - Worth for cash! Apr 02, 2013 Sengkang New Rental Launch, La Fiesta- Sengkang MRTstation at your gate.

As The Hillford property launch at Jalan Jurong Kechil may be very close to to beauty world mrt , the environment for the plot of land which belongs to World Class Land remains very upbeat as it is rather close to to Holland Village. Review now by visiting the brand new apartment pages on our website, each displaying complete particulars and the latest information of each new launch. You can even contact us directly to obtain quick & correct answers to all of your questions with high of the road service. An inevitable conclusion is that costs within the property market have just set new highs. The apparent connotation for potential buyers is to take motion now before prices bounce again. tract and points to his property line, marked by a big maple in a sea of Search SG Developersale.com Template:Composition

  1. ↑ Template:Cite web
  2. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  3. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  4. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  5. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  6. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  7. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  8. ↑ Isaac Newton (1687). Newton's Laws of Motion (Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica)
  9. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  10. ↑ Some sources such as The Strange Quark indicate 1947.
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