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In electronics, gain is a measure of the ability of a circuit (often an amplifier) to increase the power or amplitude of a signal from the input to the output, by adding energy to the signal converted from some power supply. It is usually defined as the mean ratio of the signal output of a system to the signal input of the same system. It is often expressed using the logarithmic decibel (dB) units ("dB gain"). A gain greater than one (zero dB), that is, amplification, is the defining property of an active component or circuit, while a passive circuit will have a gain of less than one.

The term gain on its own is ambiguous, and can refer to the ratio of output to input voltage, (voltage gain), current (current gain) or electric power (power gain). In the field of audio and general purpose amplifiers, especially operational amplifiers, the term usually refers to voltage gain, but in radio frequency amplifiers it usually refers to power gain. Furthermore, the term gain is also applied in systems such as sensors where the input and output have different units; in such cases the gain units must be specified, as in "5 microvolts per photon" for the responsivity of a photosensor. The "gain" of a bipolar transistor normally refers to forward current transfer ratio, either h_FE ("Beta", the static ratio of I_c divided by I_b at some operating point), or sometimes h_fe (the small-signal current gain, the slope of the graph of I_c against I_b at a point).

The term gain has a slightly different meaning in antenna design; antenna gain is the ratio of power received by a directional antenna to power received by an isotropic antenna.

Logarithmic units and decibels

Power gain

Power gain, in decibels (dB), is defined by the 10 log rule as follows:

$\text{Gain}=10\log \left(\frac{P_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}}{P_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}\right)\mathrm{d}\mathrm{B}$

where P_in and P_out are the input and output powers respectively.

A similar calculation can be done using a natural logarithm instead of a decimal logarithm, and without the factor of 10, resulting in nepers instead of decibels:

$\text{Gain}=\ln \left(\frac{P_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}}{P_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}\right)\mathrm{N}\mathrm{p}$

Voltage gain

When power gain is calculated using voltage instead of power, making the substitution (P=V ²/R), the formula is:

$\text{Gain}=10\log \frac{(\frac{{V_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}}^2}{R_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}})}{(\frac{{V_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}^2}{R_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}})}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{B}$

In many cases, the input and output impedances are equal, so the above equation can be simplified to:

$\text{Gain}=10\log {\left(\frac{V_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}}{V_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}\right)}^2\mathrm{d}\mathrm{B}$

and then the 20 log rule:

$\text{Gain}=20\log \left(\frac{V_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}}{V_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}\right)\mathrm{d}\mathrm{B}$

This simplified formula is used to calculate a voltage gain in decibels, and is equivalent to a power gain only if the impedances at input and output are equal.

Current gain

In the same way, when power gain is calculated using current instead of power, making the substitution (P = I ²R), the formula is:

$\text{Gain}=10\log \left(\frac{{I_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}}^2{R}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}}{{I_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}^2{R}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}\right)\mathrm{d}\mathrm{B}$

In many cases, the input and output impedances are equal, so the above equation can be simplified to:

$\text{Gain}=10\log {\left(\frac{I_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}}{I_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}\right)}^2\mathrm{d}\mathrm{B}$

and then:

$\text{Gain}=20\log \left(\frac{I_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}}{I_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}\right)\mathrm{d}\mathrm{B}$

This simplified formula is used to calculate a current gain in decibels, and is equivalent to the power gain only if the impedances at input and output are equal.

The "current gain" of a bipolar transistor, h_FE or h_fe, is normally given as a dimensionless number, the ratio of I_c to I_b (or slope of the I_c-versus-I_b graph, for h_fe).

In the cases above, gain will be a dimensionless quantity, as it is the ratio of like units (Decibels are not used as units, but rather as a method of indicating a logarithmic relationship). In the bipolar transistor example it is the ratio of the output current to the input current, both measured in Amperes. In the case of other devices, the gain will have a value in SI units. Such is the case with the operational transconductance amplifier, which has an open-loop gain (transconductance) in Siemens (mhos), because the gain is a ratio of the output current to the input voltage.

Example

Q. An amplifier has an input impedance of 50 ohms and drives a load of 50 ohms. When its input ($V_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$) is 1 volt, its output ($V_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}$) is 10 volts. What is its voltage and power gain?

A. Voltage gain is simply:

$\frac{V_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}}{V_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}=\frac{10}{1}=10\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{V}.$

The units V/V are optional, but make it clear that this figure is a voltage gain and not a power gain. Using the expression for power, P = V²/R, the power gain is:

$\frac{V_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}^2/50}{V_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}^2/50}=\frac{V_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}^2}{V_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}^2}=\frac{10^2}{1^2}=100\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{W}.$

Again, the units W/W are optional. Power gain is more usually expressed in decibels, thus:

$G_{dB}=10\log G_{W/W}=10\log 100=10\times 2=20\mathrm{d}\mathrm{B}.$

A gain of factor 1 (equivalent to 0 dB) where both input and output are at the same voltage level and impedance is also known as unity gain.

See also

• Active laser medium
• Antenna gain
• Aperture-to-medium coupling loss
• Automatic gain control
• Attenuation
• Complex gain
• DC offset
• Effective radiated power
• Gain before feedback
• Insertion gain
• Loop gain
• Open-loop gain
• Net gain
• Power gain
• Process gain
• Transmitter power output