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In particle physics, proton decay is a hypothetical form of radioactive decay in which the proton decays into lighter subatomic particles, such as a neutral pion and a positron.^[1] There is currently no experimental evidence that proton decay occurs.

In the Standard Model, protons, a type of baryon, are theoretically stable because baryon number (quark number) is conserved (under normal circumstances; however, see chiral anomaly). Therefore, protons will not decay into other particles on their own, because they are the lightest (and therefore least energetic) baryon.

Some beyond-the-Standard Model grand unified theories (GUTs) explicitly break the baryon number symmetry, allowing protons to decay via the Higgs particle, magnetic monopoles or new X bosons. Proton decay is one of the few observable effects of the various proposed GUTs. To date, all attempts to observe these events have failed.

Baryogenesis

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Here is my homepage ... new launch ec One of the outstanding problems in modern physics is the predominance of matter over antimatter in the universe. The universe, as a whole, seems to have a nonzero positive baryon number density — that is, matter exists. Since it is assumed in cosmology that the particles we see were created using the same physics we measure today, it would normally be expected that the overall baryon number should be zero, as matter and antimatter should have been created in equal amounts. This has led to a number of proposed mechanisms for symmetry breaking that favour the creation of normal matter (as opposed to antimatter) under certain conditions. This imbalance would have been exceptionally small, on the order of 1 in every Template:Val (10¹⁰) particles a small fraction of a second after the Big Bang, but after most of the matter and antimatter annihilated, what was left over was all the baryonic matter in the current universe, along with a much greater number of bosons. New experiments at Fermilab, however, seem to show that this imbalance is much greater than previously assumed. In an experiment involving a series of particle collisions, the amount of generated matter was approximately 1% larger than the amount of generated antimatter. The reason for this discrepancy is yet unknown.^[2]

Most grand unified theories (GUTs) explicitly break the baryon number symmetry, which would account for this discrepancy, typically invoking reactions mediated by very massive X bosons (Template:SubatomicParticle) or massive Higgs bosons (Template:SubatomicParticle). The rate at which these events occur is governed largely by the mass of the intermediate Template:SubatomicParticle or Template:SubatomicParticle particles, so by assuming these reactions are responsible for the majority of the baryon number seen today, a maximum mass can be calculated above which the rate would be too slow to explain the presence of matter today. These estimates predict that a large volume of material will occasionally exhibit a spontaneous proton decay.

Experimental evidence

Proton decay is one of the few unobserved effects of the various proposed GUTs, another major one being magnetic monopoles. Both became the focus of major experimental physics efforts starting in the early 1980s. Proton decay was, for a time, an extremely exciting area of experimental physics research. To date, all attempts to observe these events have failed. Recent experiments at the Super-Kamiokande water Cherenkov radiation detector in Japan gave lower limits for proton half-life, at 90% confidence level, of Template:Val years via antimuon decay and Template:Val years via positron decay.^[3] Newer, preliminary results estimate a half-life of no less than Template:Val years via positron decay.^[4]

Theoretical motivation

Despite the lack of observational evidence for proton decay, some grand unification theories, such as the Georgi–Glashow model, require it. According to some such theories, the proton has a half-life of about [[1 E19 s and more|Template:Val years]], and decays into a positron and a neutral pion that itself immediately decays into 2 gamma ray photons:

Template:SubatomicParticle	→	Template:SubatomicParticle	+	Template:SubatomicParticle
Template:SubatomicParticle	→	2Template:SubatomicParticle

Since a positron is an antilepton this decay preserves B-L number, which is conserved in most GUTs.

Additional decay modes are available (e.g.: Template:SubatomicParticle → Template:SubatomicParticle + Template:SubatomicParticle),^[3] both directly and when catalyzed via interaction with GUT-predicted magnetic monopoles.^[5] Though this process has not been observed experimentally, it is within the realm of experimental testability for future planned very large-scale detectors on the megaton scale. Such detectors include the Hyper-Kamiokande.

Early grand unification theories, such as the Georgi–Glashow model, which were the first consistent theories to suggest proton decay postulated that the proton's half-life would be at least 10³¹ years. As further experiments and calculations were performed in the 1990s, it became clear that the proton half-life could not lie below 10³² years. Many books from that period refer to this figure for the possible decay time for baryonic matter.

Although the phenomenon is referred to as "proton decay", the effect would also be seen in neutrons bound inside atomic nuclei. Free neutrons—those not inside an atomic nucleus—are already known to decay into protons (and an electron and an antineutrino) in a process called beta decay. Free neutrons have a half-life of about 10 minutes (Template:Val)^[6] due to the weak interaction. Neutrons bound inside a nucleus have an immensely longer half-life—apparently as great as that of the proton.

Decay operators

Dimension-6 proton decay operators

The dimension-6 proton decay operators are ${\frac {qqql}{\Lambda ^{2}}}$ , ${\frac {d^{c}u^{c}u^{c}e^{c}}{\Lambda ^{2}}}$ , ${\frac {{\overline {e^{c}}}{\overline {u^{c}}}qq}{\Lambda ^{2}}}$ and ${\frac {{\overline {d^{c}}}{\overline {u^{c}}}ql}{\Lambda ^{2}}}$ where Λ is the cutoff scale for the Standard Model. All of these operators violate both baryon number (B) and lepton number (L) conservation but not the combination B − L.

In GUT models, the exchange of an X or Y boson with the mass Λ_GUT can lead to the last two operators suppressed by ${\frac {1}{\Lambda _{GUT}^{2}}}$ . The exchange of a triplet Higgs with mass M can lead to all of the operators suppressed by 1/M². See doublet–triplet splitting problem.

Proton Decay. These graphics refer to the X bosons and Higgs bosons.
Dimension 6 proton decay mediated by the X boson (3,2)Template:Su in SU(5) GUT
Dimension 6 proton decay mediated by the X boson (3,2)Template:Su in flipped SU(5) GUT
Dimension 6 proton decay mediated by the triplet Higgs T (3,1)Template:Su and the anti-triplet Higgs Template:Overline (Template:Overline,1)Template:Su in SU(5) GUT

Dimension-5 proton decay operators

In supersymmetric extensions (such as the MSSM), we can also have dimension-5 operators involving two fermions and two sfermions caused by the exchange of a tripletino of mass M. The sfermions will then exchange a gaugino or Higgsino or gravitino leaving two fermions. The overall Feynman diagram has a loop (and other complications due to strong interaction physics). This decay rate is suppressed by ${\frac {1}{MM_{SUSY}}}$ where M_SUSY is the mass scale of the superpartners.

Dimension-4 proton decay operators

In the absence of matter parity, supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model can give rise to the last operator suppressed by the inverse square of sdown quark mass. This is due to the dimension-4 operators Template:SubatomicParticle Template:SubatomicParticle Template:SubatomicParticle^c and Template:SubatomicParticle^cTemplate:SubatomicParticle^cTemplate:SubatomicParticle^c.

The proton decay rate is only suppressed by ${\frac {1}{M_{SUSY}^{2}}}$ which is far too fast unless the couplings are very small.

References

↑ Radioactive decays by Protons. Myth or reality?, Ishfaq Ahmad, The Nucleus, 1969. pp 69-70
↑ Template:Cite arxiv
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ http://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/whatsnew/new-20091125-e.html
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

External links

Template:Proton decay experiments

ja:陽子#陽子の崩壊

[1] Radioactive decays by Protons. Myth or reality?, Ishfaq Ahmad, The Nucleus, 1969. pp 69-70

[2] Template:Cite arxiv

[Nishino-3] 3.0 ^3.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[4] ttp://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/whatsnew/new-20091125-e.html

[5] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[RPP-6] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

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+{{about|decay of protons into subatomic particles|the type of radioactive decay in which a nucleus ejects a proton|Proton emission}}
+[[File:Proton decay.svg|300px|right|thumb|The pattern of [[weak isospin]]s, [[weak hypercharge]]s, and [[color charge]]s for particles in the [[Georgi-Glashow model]]. Here, a proton, consisting of two up quarks and a down, decays into a pi meson, consisting of an up and anti-up, and a positron, via an X boson with electric charge -4/3.]]
+In [[particle physics]], '''proton decay''' is a [[Hypothesis|hypothetical]] form of [[radioactive decay]] in which the [[proton]] decays into lighter [[subatomic particle]]s, such as a neutral [[pion]] and a [[positron]].<ref>Radioactive decays by Protons. Myth or reality?, [[Ishfaq Ahmad]], The Nucleus, 1969. pp 69-70</ref>  There is currently no experimental evidence that proton decay occurs.
+In the [[Standard Model]], protons, a type of [[baryon]], are theoretically stable because [[baryon number]] ([[quark number]]) is [[conservation of baryon number|conserved]] (under normal circumstances; however, see [[chiral anomaly]]). Therefore, protons will not decay into other particles on their own, because they are the lightest (and therefore least energetic) baryon.
+Some beyond-the-Standard Model [[Grand Unified Theory|grand unified theories]] (GUTs) explicitly break the baryon number symmetry, allowing protons to decay via the [[Higgs particle]], [[magnetic monopoles]] or new [[X boson]]s. Proton decay is one of the few observable effects of the various proposed GUTs. To date, all attempts to observe these events have failed.
+== Baryogenesis ==
+{{Main| Baryogenesis}}
+{{unsolved|physics|Do protons [[Radioactive decay|decay]]? If so, then what is the [[half-life]]? Can [[nuclear binding energy]] affect this?}}
+One of the outstanding problems in modern physics is the predominance of [[matter]] over [[antimatter]] in the [[universe]]. The universe, as a whole, seems to have a nonzero positive baryon number density — that is, matter exists. Since it is assumed in [[physical cosmology|cosmology]] that the particles we see were created using the same physics we measure today, it would normally be expected that the overall baryon number should be zero, as matter and antimatter should have been created in equal amounts. This has led to a number of proposed mechanisms for [[symmetry breaking]] that favour the creation of normal matter (as opposed to antimatter) under certain conditions. This imbalance would have been exceptionally small, on the order of 1 in every {{val|10000000000}} (10<sup>10</sup>) particles a small fraction of a second after the Big Bang, but after most of the matter and antimatter annihilated, what was left over was all the baryonic matter in the current universe, along with a much greater number of [[boson]]s. New experiments at [[Fermilab]], however, seem to show that this imbalance is much greater than previously assumed. In an experiment involving a series of particle collisions, the amount of generated matter was approximately 1% larger than the amount of generated antimatter. The reason for this discrepancy is yet unknown.<ref>
+{{cite arxiv
+ |author=V.M. Abazov ''et al.''
+ |year=2010
+ |title=Evidence for an anomalous like-sign dimuon charge asymmetry
+ |eprint=1005.2757
+}}</ref>
+Most [[grand unified theory|grand unified theories]] (GUTs) explicitly break the [[baryon number]] symmetry, which would account for this discrepancy, typically invoking reactions mediated by very massive [[X boson]]s ({{SubatomicParticle|X boson}}) or massive [[Higgs boson]]s ({{SubatomicParticle|Higgs boson}}). The rate at which these events occur is governed largely by the mass of the intermediate {{SubatomicParticle|X boson}} or {{SubatomicParticle|Higgs boson}} particles, so by assuming these reactions are responsible for the majority of the baryon number seen today, a maximum mass can be calculated above which the rate would be too slow to explain the presence of matter today. These estimates predict that a large volume of material will occasionally exhibit a spontaneous proton decay.
+== Experimental evidence ==
+Proton decay is one of the few unobserved effects of the various proposed GUTs, another major one being [[magnetic monopole]]s. Both became the focus of major experimental physics efforts starting in the early 1980s. Proton decay was, for a time, an extremely exciting area of experimental physics research. To date, all attempts to observe these events have failed.  Recent experiments at the [[Super-Kamiokande]] water [[Cherenkov radiation]] detector in Japan gave lower limits for proton [[half-life]], at 90% [[confidence level]], of {{val|6.6|e=33}} years via [[antimuon]] decay and {{val|8.2|e=33}} years via [[positron]] decay.<ref name="Nishino">
+{{cite journal
+ |author=H. Nishino ''et al.'' ([[Super-Kamiokande|Super-K Collaboration]])
+ |year=2012
+ |title=Search for Proton Decay via {{SubatomicParticle|Proton+}} &rarr; {{SubatomicParticle|Positron}}{{SubatomicParticle|pion0}} and {{SubatomicParticle|Proton+}} &rarr; {{SubatomicParticle|Muon+}}{{SubatomicParticle|pion0}} in a Large Water Cherenkov Detector
+ |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]
+ |volume=102 |issue=14 |pages=141801
+ |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.141801
+|bibcode=2009PhRvL.102n1801N
+}}</ref> Newer, preliminary results estimate a half-life of no less than {{val|1.29|e=34}} years via positron decay.<ref>http://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/whatsnew/new-20091125-e.html</ref>
+== Theoretical motivation ==
+Despite the lack of observational evidence for proton decay, some [[grand unification theory|grand unification theories]], such as the [[Georgi–Glashow model]], require it. According to some such theories, the proton has a [[half-life]] of about [[1 E19 s and more|{{val|e=36}} years]], and decays into a [[positron]] and a neutral [[pion]] that itself immediately decays into 2 [[gamma radiation|gamma ray]] [[photon]]s:
+:{| border = 0
+|- style="height: 2em;"
+| {{SubatomicParticle|Proton+}} &nbsp; || → &nbsp; || {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Positron}} &nbsp; || + &nbsp; || {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Pion0}}
+|- style="height: 2em;"
+| {{SubatomicParticle|Pion0}} &nbsp;  || → &nbsp; || 2{{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Gamma}}
+|}
+Since a [[positron]] is an [[lepton|antilepton]] this decay preserves [[B-L]] number, which is conserved in most GUTs.
+Additional decay modes are available (e.g.: {{SubatomicParticle|Proton+}} → {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Muon+}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Pion0}}),<ref name="Nishino" /> both directly and when catalyzed via interaction with GUT-predicted [[magnetic monopole]]s.<ref>
+{{cite journal
+ |author=B. V. Sreekantan
+ |year=1984
+ |title=Searches for Proton Decay and Superheavy Magnetic Monopoles
+ |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/jaa/5/251-271.pdf
+ |journal=[[Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy]]
+ |volume=5 |issue= 3|pages=251&ndash;271
+ |doi= 10.1007/BF02714542
+ |bibcode=1984JApA....5..251S
+}}</ref> Though this process has not been observed experimentally, it is within the realm of experimental testability for future planned very large-scale detectors on the megaton scale. Such detectors include the [[Kamioka Observatory#Hyper-Kamiokande|Hyper-Kamiokande]].
+Early [[grand unification theory|grand unification theories]], such as the [[Georgi–Glashow model]], which were the first consistent theories to suggest proton decay postulated that the proton's half-life would be at least 10<sup>31</sup> years. As further experiments and calculations were performed in the 1990s, it became clear that the proton half-life could not lie below 10<sup>32</sup> years. Many books from that period refer to this figure for the possible decay time for baryonic matter.
+Although the phenomenon is referred to as "proton decay", the effect would also be seen in [[neutron]]s bound inside atomic nuclei. Free neutrons—those not inside an atomic nucleus—are already known to decay into protons (and an electron and an antineutrino) in a process called [[beta decay]]. Free neutrons have a [[half-life]] of about 10 minutes ({{val|613.9|0.8|u=s}})<ref name="RPP">
+{{cite journal
+ |author=W.-M. Yao ''et al.''
+ |year=2006
+ |title=Review of Particle Physics – ''N'' Baryons
+ |url=http://pdg.lbl.gov/2006/tables/bxxx.pdf
+ |journal=[[Journal of Physics G]]
+ |volume=33 |issue= |pages=1
+ |doi= 10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001
+|arxiv = astro-ph/0601168 |bibcode = 2006JPhG...33....1Y }}</ref> due to the [[weak interaction]]. Neutrons bound inside a nucleus have an immensely longer half-life—apparently as great as that of the proton.
+== Decay operators ==
+=== Dimension-6 proton decay operators ===
+The [[classical scaling dimension|dimension]]-6 proton decay operators are <math>\frac{qqql}{\Lambda^2}</math>, <math>\frac{d^c u^c u^c e^c}{\Lambda^2}</math>, <math>\frac{\overline{e^c}\overline{u^c}qq}{\Lambda^2}</math> and <math>\frac{\overline{d^c}\overline{u^c}ql}{\Lambda^2}</math> where Λ is the [[Cutoff (physics)|cutoff scale]] for the [[Standard Model]]. All of these operators violate both [[baryon number]] (''B'') and [[lepton number]] (''L'') conservation but not the combination [[B−L|''B'' − ''L'']].
+In GUT models, the exchange of an [[X and Y bosons|X or Y boson]] with the mass Λ<sub>GUT</sub> can lead to the last two operators suppressed by <math>\frac{1}{\Lambda_{GUT}^2}</math>. The exchange of a triplet Higgs with mass ''M'' can lead to all of the operators suppressed by 1/''M''<sup>2</sup>. See [[doublet–triplet splitting problem]].
+<gallery caption="Proton Decay.  These graphics refer to the [[X and Y bosons|X bosons]] and [[Higgs boson]]s." widths="250px" heights="300px" perrow="3">
+Image:Proton_decay2.svg|Dimension 6 proton decay mediated by the X boson (3,2){{su|b=−{{frac|5|6}}}} in SU(5) GUT
+Image:proton decay3.svg|Dimension 6 proton decay mediated by the X boson (3,2){{su|b={{frac|1|6}}}} in flipped SU(5) GUT
+Image:proton decay4.svg|Dimension 6 proton decay mediated by the triplet Higgs T (3,1){{su|b=−{{frac|1|3}}}} and the anti-triplet Higgs {{overline|T}} ({{overline|3}},1){{su|b={{frac|1|3}}}} in SU(5) GUT
+</gallery>
+=== Dimension-5 proton decay operators ===
+In [[supersymmetry|supersymmetric]] extensions (such as the [[Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model|MSSM]]), we can also have dimension-5 operators involving two fermions and two [[sfermion]]s caused by the exchange of a [[tripletino]] of mass ''M''. The sfermions will then exchange a [[gaugino]] or [[Higgsino]] or [[gravitino]] leaving two fermions. The overall [[Feynman diagram]] has a loop (and other complications due to strong interaction physics). This decay rate is suppressed by <math>\frac{1}{M M_{SUSY}}</math> where ''M''<sub>SUSY</sub> is the mass scale of the [[superpartner]]s.
+=== Dimension-4 proton decay operators ===
+[[Image:R-parity violating decay.svg|frame|right]]
+In the absence of [[matter parity]], supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model can give rise to the last operator suppressed by the inverse square of [[sdown]] quark mass. This is due to the dimension-4 operators
+{{SubatomicParticle|Quark}}{{SubatomicParticle|Lepton}}{{SubatomicParticle|Down squark}}<sup>c</sup> and
+{{SubatomicParticle|Up quark}}<sup>c</sup>{{SubatomicParticle|Down quark}}<sup>c</sup>{{SubatomicParticle|Down squark}}<sup>c</sup>.
+The proton decay rate is only suppressed by <math>\frac{1}{M_{SUSY}^2}</math> which is far too fast unless the couplings are very small.
+== See also ==
+* [[Virtual black hole]]
+* [[Weak hypercharge]]
+* [[B − L]]
+* [[X and Y bosons]]
+==References==
+<references/>
+== Further reading ==
+* {{cite journal
+ |author=C. Amsler ''et al.'' ([[Particle Data Group]])
+ |year=2008
+ |title=Review of Particle Physics – ''N'' Baryons
+ |url=http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/tables/rpp2008-tab-baryons-N.pdf
+ |journal=[[Physics Letters B]]
+ |volume=667 |pages=1
+ |doi= 10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018
+|bibcode = 2008PhLB..667....1P }}
+*{{cite journal
+ |author=K. Hagiwara ''et al.'' ([[Particle Data Group]])
+ |year=2002
+ |title=Review of Particle Physics – ''N'' Baryons
+ |url=http://pdg.lbl.gov/2002/bxxxn.pdf
+ |journal=[[Physical Review D]]
+ |volume=66 |pages=010001
+ |doi= 10.1103/PhysRevD.66.010001
+|bibcode = 2002PhRvD..66a0001H }}
+*{{cite book
+ |author=F. Adams, G. Laughlin
+ |year=
+ |title=The Five Ages of the Universe : Inside the Physics of Eternity
+ |publisher=
+ |isbn=978-0-684-86576-8
+}}
+*{{cite book
+ |author=L.M. Krauss
+ |year=
+ |title=Atom : An Odyssey from the Big Bang to Life on Earth
+ |publisher=
+ |isbn=0-316-49946-3
+}}
+*{{cite journal
+ |author=D.-D. Wu, T.-Z. Li
+ |year=
+ |title=Proton decay, annihilation or fusion?
+ |journal=[[Zeitschrift für Physik C]]
+ |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=321–323
+ |doi= 10.1007/BF01556623
+ |bibcode=1985ZPhyC..27..321W
+}}
+*{{cite journal
+ |author=P. Nath, P. Fileviez Perez
+ |year=2007
+ |title=Proton stability in grand unified theories, in strings and in branes
+ |journal=[[Physics Reports]]
+ |volume=441
+ |issue=5-6 |pages=191–317
+ |doi=10.1016/j.physrep.2007.02.010
+ |arxiv=hep-ph/0601023
+|bibcode = 2007PhR...441..191N }}
+==External links==
+* [http://hep.bu.edu/~superk/pdk.html Proton decay at Super-Kamiokande]
+* [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jcv/imb/imb.html Pictorial history of the IMB experiment]
+* {{cite web
+ |author=L. Maiani
+ |year=2006
+ |title=The problem of proton decay
+ |url=http://axpd24.pd.infn.it/NO-VE2006/talks/NOVE_Maiani.pdf
+ |work=[http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep?key=6975763 3rd International Workshop on NO-VE]
+}}
+{{Proton decay experiments}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Proton Decay}}
+[[Category:Nuclear physics]]
+[[Category:Particle physics]]
+[[Category:Hypothetical processes]]
+[[Category:Eschatology]]
+[[ja:陽子#陽子の崩壊]]