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| In [[signal processing]], '''Phase noise''' is the [[frequency domain]] representation of rapid, short-term, random fluctuations in the [[phase (waves)|phase]] of a [[waveform]], caused by [[time domain]] instabilities ("[[jitter]]").<ref>{{FS1037C}}</ref> Generally speaking, [[radio frequency]] engineers speak of the phase noise of an [[oscillator]], whereas [[digital system]] engineers work with the jitter of a clock.
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| ==Definitions==
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| Historically there have been two conflicting yet widely used definitions for phase noise. Some authors define phase noise to be the [[spectral density]] of a signal's phase only,<ref>{{Citation |first=J. |last=Rutman |first2=F. L. |last2=Walls |title=Characterization of frequency stability in precision frequency sources |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=79 |issue=6 |pages=952–960 |date=June 1991 |url=http://www.umbc.edu/photonics/Menyuk/Phase-Noise/rutman_ProcIEEE_910601.pdf |issn= |doi=10.1109/5.84972 }}</ref> while the other definition refers to the phase spectrum (which pairs up with the amplitude spectrum, see [[spectral density#Related concepts]]) resulting from the [[spectral estimation]] of the signal itself.<ref>{{Citation |first=A. |last=Demir |first2=A. |last2=Mehrotra |first3=J. |last3=Roychowdhury |title=Phase noise in oscillators: a unifying theory and numerical methods for characterization |journal=IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=655–674 |date=May 2000 |issn=1057-7122 |doi=10.1109/81.847872 }}</ref> Both definitions yield the same result at offset frequencies well removed from the carrier. At close-in offsets however, the two definitions differ.<ref>{{Citation |first=R. |last=Navid |first2=C. |last2=Jungemann |first3=T. H. |last3=Lee |first4=R. W. |last4=Dutton |author4-link=Robert W. Dutton |title=Close-in phase noise in electrical oscillators |journal=Proc. SPIE Symp. Fluctuations and Noise |location=Maspalomas, Spain |year=2004 |issn= |doi= }}</ref>
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| The [[IEEE]] defines phase noise as <math>\mathcal{L}\left(f\right)=S_{\phi}(f)/2</math> where the "phase instability" ''S''<sub>φ</sub>(''f'') is the one-sided spectral density of a signal's phase deviation.<ref>{{Citation |first2=Eva. S. |last2=Ferre-Pikal |first1=John R. |last1=Vig |first3=J. C. |last3=Camparo |first4=L. S. |last4=Cutler |first5=L. |last5=Maleki |first6=W. J. |last6=Riley |first7=S. R. |last7=Stein |first8=C. |last8=Thomas |first9=F. L. |last9=Walls |first10=J. D. |last10=White |id=IEEE Std 1139-1999 |title=IEEE Standard Definitions of Physical Quantities for Fundamental Frequency and Time Metrology – Random Instabilities |publisher=IEEE |date=26 March 1999 |isbn=0-7381-1754-4 |doi= |ref=CITEREFIEEE1999 }}, see definition 2.7.</ref> Although ''S''<sub>φ</sub>(''f'') is a one-sided function, it represents "the double-sideband spectral density of phase fluctuation".<ref>{{Harvnb|IEEE|1999|p=2}}, stating ℒ(''f'') "is one half the of the double-sideband spectral density of phase fluctuation."</ref> The phase noise expression ℒ(''f'') is pronounced "script ell of f".<ref>{{Harvnb|IEEE|1999|p=2}}</ref>
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| ==Background==
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| An ideal [[electronic oscillator|oscillator]] would generate a pure [[sine wave]]. In the frequency domain, this would be represented as a single pair of [[Dirac delta function]]s (positive and negative conjugates) at the oscillator's frequency, i.e., all the signal's [[Power (physics)|power]] is at a single frequency. All real oscillators have [[phase modulated]] [[Electronic noise|noise]] components. The phase noise components spread the power of a signal to adjacent frequencies, resulting in noise [[sidebands]]. Oscillator phase noise often includes low frequency [[flicker noise]] and may include [[white noise]].
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| Consider the following noise free signal:
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| :''v''(''t'') = ''A''cos(2π''f''<sub>0</sub>''t'').
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| Phase noise is added to this signal by adding a [[Stochastic Process|stochastic process]] represented by φ to the signal as follows:
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| :''v''(''t'') = ''A''cos(2π''f''<sub>0</sub>''t'' + φ(''t'')).
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| Phase noise is a type of [[cyclostationary noise]] and is closely related to [[jitter]]. A particularly important type of phase noise is that produced by [[Oscillator phase noise|oscillators]].
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| Phase noise (ℒ(''f'')) is typically expressed in units of [[dBc]]/Hz, and it represents the noise power relative to the carrier contained in a 1 Hz bandwidth centered at a certain offsets from the carrier. For example, a certain signal may have a phase noise of -80 dBc/Hz at an offset of 10 kHz and -95 dBc/Hz at an offset of 100 kHz. Phase noise can be measured and expressed as single sideband or double sideband values, but as noted earlier, the IEEE has adopted the definition as one-half of the double sideband PSD.
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| ==Jitter conversions==
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| Phase noise is sometimes also measured and expressed as a power obtained by integrating ℒ(''f'') over a certain range of offset frequencies. For example, the phase noise may be -40 dBc integrated over the range of 1 kHz to 100 kHz. This Integrated phase noise (expressed in degrees) can be converted to jitter (expressed in seconds) using the following formula:
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| <math>\text{Jitter (seconds}) = \text{Phase error (degrees)}/(360\times \text{Frequency (Hertz)})</math> | |
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| In the absence of [[1/f noise]] in a region where the phase noise displays a –20 dBc/decade slope, the
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| rms cycle jitter can be related to the phase noise by:<ref>{{Citation |url=http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5990-3108EN.pdf |last=Poore |first=Rick |title=An Overview of Phase Noise and Jitter |publisher=Agilent Technologies |date=May 17, 2001 |doi= }}</ref>
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| <math>\sigma^2_c = \frac{f^2 \mathcal{L}\left(f\right)}{f_{osc}^3}</math> | |
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| Likewise:
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| <math>\mathcal{L}\left(f\right) = \frac{f_{osc}^3 \sigma^2_c}{f^2}</math>
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| ==Measurement==
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| Phase noise can be measured using a [[spectrum analyzer]] if the phase noise of the device under test (DUT) is large with respect to the spectrum analyzer's [[local oscillator]]. Care should be taken that observed values are due to the measured signal and not the Shape Factor of the spectrum analyzer's filters. Spectrum analyzer based measurement can show the phase-noise power over many decades of frequency e.g. 1 Hz to 10 MHz. The slope with offset frequency in various offset frequency regions can provide clues as to the source of the noise, e.g. low frequency [[flicker noise]] decreasing at 30 dB per decade (=9 dB per octave).<ref>{{Citation |last=Cerda |first=Ramon M. |title=Impact of ultralow phase noise oscillators on system performance |date=July 2006 |journal=RF Design |volume= |issue= |pages=28–34 |url=http://rfdesign.com/mag/607RFDF2.pdf |issn= |doi= }}</ref>
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| ==Spectral purity==
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| The sinewave output of an ideal [[electronic oscillator|oscillator]] is a single line in the frequency spectrum. Such perfect spectral purity is not achievable in a practical oscillator. Spreading of the spectrum line caused by phase noise must be minimised in the local oscillator for a [[superheterodyne receiver]] because it defeats the aim of restricting the receiver frequency range by filters in the IF (intermediate frequency) amplifier.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Flicker noise]]
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| *[[Leeson's equation]]
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| *[[Maximum time interval error]]
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| *[[Noise spectral density]]
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| *[[Spectral density]]
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| *[[Spectral phase]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|30em}}
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| * [http://www.tf.nist.gov/phase/index.html National Institute of Standards and Technology Time and Frequency Metrology Group]
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| ==Further reading==
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| *{{Citation |last=Rubiola |first=Enrico |year=2008 |title=Phase Noise and Frequency Stability in Oscillators |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88677-2 |doi= }}
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| *{{Citation |last=Wolaver |first=Dan H. |year=1991 |title=Phase-Locked Loop Circuit Design |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=0-13-662743-9 |doi= }} </cite>
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| *{{Citation |first=M. |last=Lax |title=Classical noise. V. Noise in self-sustained oscillators |journal=Physical Review |volume=160 |issue=2 |pages=290–307 |date=August 1967 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.160.290 |bibcode = 1967PhRv..160..290L }}
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| *{{Citation |first=A. |last=Hajimiri |first2=T. H. |last2=Lee |url=http://loveboat.stanford.edu/papers/JSSC98FEB-ali.pdf |title=A general theory of phase noise in electrical oscillators |journal=IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits |volume=33 |issue=2 |date=February 1998 |pages=179–194 |doi=10.1109/4.658619 }}
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| * {{Citation |first=R. |last=Pulikkoonattu |title=Oscillator Phase Noise and Sampling Clock Jitter |date=June 12, 2007 |url=http://documents.epfl.ch/users/p/pu/pulikkoo/private/report_pn_jitter_oscillator_ratna.pdf |publisher=ST Microelectronics |location=Bangalore, India |series=Tech Note |doi= |accessdate=March 29, 2012 }}
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| *{{Citation |first=A. |last=Chorti |first2=M. |last2=Brookes |title=A spectral model for RF oscillators with power-law phase noise |journal=IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers |volume=53 |issue=9 |date=September 2006 |pages=1989–1999 |doi=10.1109/TCSI.2006.881182 }}
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| *{{Citation |first=Ulrich L. |last=Rohde |first2=Ajay K. |last2=Poddar |first3=Georg |last3=Böck |title=The Design of Modern Microwave Oscillators for Wireless Applications |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=New York, NY |date=May 2005 |isbn=0-471-72342-8 }}
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| ==External links==
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| *The site [http://rubiola.org http://rubiola.org] contains a bunch of information and literature about phase noise, frequency stability, experimental techniques, etc.
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| *A technical article about [http://www.telestrian.co.uk/phasenoise.html phase noise] in signal sources due to phase modulation.
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| *[http://www.ke5fx.com/gpib/pn.htm Phase-noise measurement software] for various GPIB-equipped spectrum analyzers (freeware, includes Win32 C++ source)
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| *[http://www.maxim-ic.com/appnotes.cfm/an_pk/3359 Clock (CLK) Jitter and Phase Noise Conversion]
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| *[http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pll-synthesizers/synthesiser-pll-phase-noise.php Phase noise in frequency synthesizers]
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| *[http://www.lansdale.com/Articles/an1639.pdf Phase Noise measurement using the phase lock technique ]
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| *[http://www.designers-guide.org/Theory/cyclo-paper.pdf ''Noise in Mixers, Oscillators, Samplers, and Logic: An Introduction to Cyclostationary Noise'' by Joel Phillips and Ken Kundert]
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| *[http://www.designers-guide.org/Analysis/PLLnoise+jitter.pdf ''Predicting the phase noise and jitter of PLL-based frequency synthesizers'' by Ken Kundert]
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| * Y. T. Su, [http://www.eie.polyu.edu.hk/~enktwong/ K. T. Wong] & K.-P. Ho, [http://www.eie.polyu.edu.hk/~enktwong/ktw/SuCT1210.pdf "Linear MMSE Estimation of Large-Magnitude Symmetric Levy-Process Phase-Noise"], IEEE Transactions on Communications.
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| {{Noise}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Phase Noise}}
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| [[Category:Oscillators]]
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| [[Category:Frequency domain analysis]]
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| [[Category:Telecommunication theory]]
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| [[Category:Noise]]
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Massages can be amazingly relaxing. Not only does it benefit your body, but it is also great for your mind as well. Have you been curious about how having a massage could benefit you? In case you loved this information and you wish to receive more details with regards to Japanese Massage, navigate here, assure visit the web-site. This article is filled with great tips about getting the perfect massage.
Massages are a great way to reduce stress and relive pain. A regular massage can help you deal with chronic back pain as well as stress related issues. Seek out a loved one or a professional to give you a proper massage.
You want to be at your massage appointment a little early. It can be easy to lose track of your time when getting caught in the day's business. You might be late for a massage and if this happens you won't be able to relax. You really must strive to be relaxed from the outset.
Olive oil is a great ingredient to use when you are massaging. The benefits of using a massage oil instead of lotion or gel is its ability to absorb into the skin. The oil will also allow you to smoothly and easily glide your hands over others' skin.
Get rid of some kinks by doing an easy self-massage. Begin by softly thumbing the outer areas of the body. Begin by massaging your legs first, and move up to your arms afterward. If you massage this way after you awake in the morning, your body can be re-energized for the day's challenges. This type of massage before bedtime will help you sleep better at night.
Always be on time for your massages. It is easy to get lost in the business of the day and lose track of time. If it gets to the point where you are rushing to get to your massage location, you may show up over-stressed! It is best to get there early so you can have a few minutes to relax before your massage.
Don't write off massages as not helpful. Receiving a massage is a very efficient way to get rid of pain, get over your stress and get the energy you need for your daily activities. If you find any of these things to be a problem for you, you should definitely try getting a massage so that you can see the benefits on your own.
If you are giving someone a massage, try to be as quiet as possible. It provides a horrible experience for the person getting a massage to listen to the masseuse talking constantly. All you should hear is calm music, or nature sounds. Besides these things, you should maintain a quiet atmosphere.
Arrive on time when you are getting a massage. A massage should be an occasion to relax but try being on time so your massage therapist has enough time for the entire treatment. The therapist typically has a packed schedule, so it is important that you are mindful of that.
If you are getting a professional massage, tell your massage therapist about any areas that are especially bothering you. Your therapist will want to target your problem areas to help you relieve tension. Do not expect your therapist to find your problem areas right away and relieve the pain if you do not communicate and explain the kind of pain you are experiencing.
Which area do you need to focus on when giving a self-massage? Believe it or not, where it is most painful. Begin in problem areas and then move to other parts of the body. You may discover a new source of discomfort; give it the attention that it deserves as well. When the great feeling ends, end the massage too.
With the information offered here, you should have no trouble deciding whether or not you want and need a massage. Sadly, not everyone likes the idea of massage. If it is for you, go get one today and tomorrow you will feel like a completely different person ready to take on the world.