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| The '''screw axis''' ('''helical axis''' or '''twist axis''') of an [[Entity|object]] is a line that is simultaneously the axis of [[rotation]] and the line along which a [[translation (geometry)|translation]] occurs. [[Chasles' theorem]] shows that each [[Euclidean group|Euclidean displacement]] in three dimensional space has a screw axis, and the displacement can be decomposed into a rotation about and a slide along this screw axis.<ref>Bottema, O, and B. Roth, ''Theoretical Kinematics,'' Dover Publications (September 1990), [http://books.google.com/books?id=f8I4yGVi9ocC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false link to Google books]</ref><ref>Hunt, K. H., ''Kinematic Geometry of Mechanism,'' Oxford University Press, 1990</ref>
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| [[Plücker coordinates]] are used to locate a screw axis in [[cartesian space|space]], and consist of a pair of three dimensional vectors. The first vector identifies the direction of the axis, and the second locates its position. The special case when the first vector is zero is interpreted as a pure translation in the direction of the second vector. A screw axis is associated with each pair of vectors in the algebra of screws, also known as [[screw theory]].<ref>R.S. Ball, A Treatise on the Theory of Screws, Hodges, Dublin, 1876, Appendix 1, University Press, Cambridge, 1900, p. 510</ref>
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| The spatial movement of a body can be represented by a continuous set of displacements. Because each of these displacements has a screw axis, the movement has an associated ruled surface known as a ''screw surface.'' This surface is not the same as the ''axode,'' which is traced by the instantaneous screw axes of the movement of a body. The instantaneous screw axis, or 'instantaneous helical axis' (IHA), is the axis of the helicoidal field generated by the velocities of every point in a moving body.
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| When a spatial displacement specializes to a planar displacement, the screw axis becomes the ''displacement pole,'' and the instantaneous screw axis becomes the ''velocity pole,'' or [[instantaneous center of rotation]], also called an ''instant center.'' The term ''centro'' is also used for a velocity pole, and the locus of these points for a planar movement is called a [[centrode]].<ref>Homer D. Eckhardt, '' Kinematic Design of Machines and Mechanisms,'' McGraw-Hill (1998) p. 63 ISBN 0-07-018953-6 [http://books.google.com/books?id=GGBv_Gcy5g8C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false on-line at Google books]</ref>
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| ==History==
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| The proof that a spatial displacement can be decomposed into a rotation and slide around and along a line in space is attributed to [[Michel Chasles]] in 1830.<ref>M. Chasles, Note sur les Proprietes Generales du Systeme de Deux Corps Semblables entr'eux, Bullettin de Sciences Mathematiques, Astronomiques Physiques et Chimiques, Baron de Ferussac, Paris, 1830, pp. 321±326</ref> Recently the work of Gulio Mozzi has been identified as presenting a similar result in 1763.<ref>G. Mozzi, Discorso matematico sopra il rotamento momentaneo dei corpi, Stamperia di Donato Campo, Napoli, 1763</ref><ref>M. Ceccarelli, Screw axis defined by Giulio Mozzi in 1763 and early studies on helicoidal motion, Mechanism and Machine Theory 35 (2000) 761-770</ref>
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| == Screw axis of a spatial displacement ==
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| A '''screw displacement''' (also screw operation) is the composition of a rotation by an angle ''φ'' about an axis (called the '''screw axis''') with a translation by a distance ''d'' along this axis. A positive rotation direction usually means one that corresponds to the translation direction by the [[right-hand rule]]. Except for ''φ'' = 180°, we have to distinguish a screw displacement from its [[mirror image]]. Unlike for rotations, a righthand and lefthand screw operation generate different groups.
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| The combination of a rotation about an axis and a translation in a perpendicular direction is a rotation about a parallel axis. However, a screw operation with a nonzero translation vector along the axis cannot be reduced like that. Thus the effect of a rotation combined with ''any'' translation is a screw operation in the general sense, with as special cases a pure translation. a pure rotation, and the identity. Together these are all the direct [[Euclidean_group#Overview_of_isometries_in_up_to_three_dimensions|isometries in 3D]].
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| '''Screw axis symmetry''' is invariant under a screw displacement. If ''φ'' = 360°/''n'' for some positive integer ''n'', then screw axis symmetry implies [[translational symmetry]] with a translation vector which is ''n'' times that of the screw displacement.
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| Applicable for [[space group]]s is a rotation by 360°/''n'' about an axis, combined with a translation along the axis by a multiple of the distance of the translational symmetry, divided by ''n''. This multiple is indicated by a subscript. So, 6<sub>3</sub> is a rotation of 60° combined with a translation of 1/2 of the lattice vector, implying that there is also 3-fold [[rotational symmetry]] about this axis. The possibilities are 2<sub>1</sub>, 3<sub>1</sub>, 4<sub>1</sub>, 4<sub>2</sub>, 6<sub>1</sub>, 6<sub>2</sub>, and 6<sub>3</sub>, and the enantiomorphous 3<sub>2</sub>, 4<sub>3</sub>, 6<sub>4</sub>, and 6<sub>5</sub>.
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| A non-discrete screw axis [[isometry group]] contains all combinations of a rotation about some axis and a proportional translation along the axis (in [[rifling]], the constant of proportionality is called the [[twist rate]]); in general this is combined with ''k''-fold rotational isometries about the same axis (''k'' ≥ 1); the set of images of a point under the isometries is a ''k''-fold [[helix]]; in addition there may be a 2-fold rotation about a perpendicularly intersecting axis, and hence a ''k''-fold helix of such axes.
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| === Formula for the screw axis ===
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| A spatial displacement, T=([A],'''d'''), is the [[Euclidean transformation]] consisting of the spatial [[rotation]] defined by the matrix [A] and spatial [[translation (geometry)|translation]] by the vector '''d'''. Coordinates '''x''' in a moving frame have coordinates '''X''' in the fixed frame given by:
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| :<math>
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| \mathbf{X}=[A]\mathbf{x} + \mathbf{d}.
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| </math> | |
| The screw axis of this displacement is the line ''S'':'''P'''(t)='''C'''+t'''S''' that remains in place before and after the spatial displacement. The vector '''S''' is the unit vector in the direction of the [[Axis-angle representation|rotation axis]] of [A]. Points on this line translate by the amount ''k''=('''d'''·'''S''') in the direction '''S'''.
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| A point on the screw axis satisfies the equation:
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| :<math>\mathbf{C} = [A]\mathbf{C} + \mathbf{d} - (\mathbf{d}\cdot\mathbf{S})\mathbf{S}.</math>
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| The term ('''d'''·'''S''')'''S''' subtracts the slide along the screw axis in order to ensure that '''C''' exists.
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| Solve this equation for '''C''' using [[Rotation matrix#Skew parameters via Cayley's formula|Cayley's formula]] for a rotation matrix [A]=[I-B]<sup>-1</sup>[I+B], where [B] is the skew-symmetric matrix constructed from [[Rotation_formalisms_in_three_dimensions#Rodrigues parameters|Rodrigues' vector]] '''b'''=tan(φ/2)'''S''' such that [B]'''y'''='''b'''×'''y'''. The result is
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| :<math> \mathbf{C} = \frac{\mathbf{b}\times\mathbf{d} - \mathbf{b}\times(\mathbf{b}\times\mathbf{d})}{2\mathbf{b}\cdot\mathbf{b}}.</math>
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| The screw axis of this spatial displacement is the line ''S'' defined by '''P'''(t)='''C'''+t'''S'''. It has the [[Plücker coordinates]] ''S''=('''S''', '''C'''×'''S''').<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jv9mQyjRIw4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=geometric+design+of+linkages&hl=en&ei=3L_5TcvZGaHV0QG2wMiDAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false J. M. McCarthy and G. S. Soh, '''Geometric Design of Linkages,''' 2nd Edition, Springer 2010]</ref>
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| ==Mechanics==
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| The motion of a [[rigid body]] may be the combination of rotation about an axis (the screw axis) and a translation along that axis. This screw move is characterized by the velocity vector for the translation and the [[angular velocity]] vector in the same or opposite direction. If these two vectors are constant and along one of the [[Moment_of_inertia#Inertia_tensor|principal axes]] of the body, no external forces are needed for this motion (moving and [[Spin (physics)|spinning]]). As an example, if gravity and drag are ignored, this is the motion of a [[bullet]] fired from a [[rifling|rifled]] [[gun]].
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| ===Biomechanics===
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| This parameter is often used in [[biomechanics]], when describing the motion of [[joints]] of the body. For any period of time, joint motion can be seen as the movement of a single point on one articulating surface with respect to the adjacent surface (usually [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] with respect to [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|proximal]]). The total translation and rotations along the path of motion can be defined as the time integrals of the instantaneous translation and rotation velocities at the IHA for a given reference time.<ref>Woltring HJ, de Lange A, Kauer JMG, Huiskes R. 1987 Instantaneous helical axes estimation via natural, cross-validated splines. In: Bergmann G, Kölbel R, Rohlmann A (Editors). Biomechanics: Basic and Applied Research. Springer, pp 121-128. [http://library.tue.nl/csp/dare/LinkToRepository.csp?recordnumber=587036 full text]</ref>
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| In any single [[plane (mathematics)|plane]], the path formed by the locations of the moving instantaneous axis of rotation (IAR) is known as the 'centroid', and is used in the description of joint motion.
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| ==Crystallography==
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| [[File:Te chains.png|thumb|200px|3<sub>1</sub> screw axis in crystal structure of tellurium]]
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| In [[crystallography]], a '''screw axis''' is a symmetry operation describing how a combination of rotation about an axis and a translation parallel to that axis leaves a crystal unchanged.<ref>{{cite book | author=Walter Borchardt-Ott | title=Crystallography | publisher=Springer-Verlag | year=1995 | isbn=3-540-59478-7}}</ref>
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| Screw axes are noted by a number, ''n'', where the angle of rotation is 360°/''n''. The degree of translation is then added as a subscript showing how far along the axis the translation is, as a portion of the parallel lattice vector. For example, 2<sub>1</sub> is a 180° (twofold) rotation followed by a translation of 1/2 of the lattice vector. 3<sub>1</sub> is a 120° (threefold) rotation followed by a translation of 1/3 of the lattice vector. The possible screw axes are 2<sub>1</sub>, 3<sub>1</sub>, 4<sub>1</sub>, 4<sub>2</sub>, 6<sub>1</sub>, 6<sub>2</sub>, and 6<sub>3</sub>, and the [[chirality (mathematics)|enantiomorphous]] 3<sub>2</sub>, 4<sub>3</sub>, 6<sub>4</sub>, and 6<sub>5</sub>.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Symmetry#Helical_symmetry|Helical symmetry]]
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| *[[Euler's rotation theorem]] – rotations without translation
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| *[[Screw theory]]
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| *[[Line group]]
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| *[[Space group]]
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| *[[Corkscrew (roller coaster element)]]
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| [[Category:Machines]]
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| [[Category:Kinematics]]
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| [[Category:Symmetry]]
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| [[Category:Crystallography]]
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| [[Category:Rigid bodies]]
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| [[Category:Euclidean geometry]]
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| [[es:Eje helicoidal]]
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