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| {{Electoral systems}}
| | Kuala Lumpur's landed property market is displaying signs of recovery with the capital values of prime landed homes displaying the greatest price appreciation at 60 percent on average in the fourth quarter of [http://tw.renaissance-editions.com/tiki-view_forum_thread.php?comments_parentId=5691&forumId=3 Tw.renaissance-editions.com] final yr, in line with a research by Jones Lang Wooton (JLW).<br><br>Secondly, because the resale unit is completed, the unit can be utilized immediately for own occupation, or for rental functions. In a new launch mission development, the property could take up to 5 years to construct. This results in lack of enjoyment of property , or loss of rental earnings. All properties depreciate in value (it's the land that the property is on, that appreciates in worth. As such, from yr zero onwards, the property is declining in value. When a buyer buys an older resale property , the property has already lost a good portion of its worth. If the history of Singapore isn't long enough, look outdoors the nation. Have a look at what has occurred within the property markets in any nation in Asia, US or Europe. Laverne's Loft set for Friday launch<br><br>Another reason Singapore property will in all probability be a protected and secure investment for future years pertains to a proper dwelling and work. This produces demand inside itself. The Singapore authorities makes certain that garbage is collected daily. No excuses are acceptable for not amassing garbage every day. This will probably be vital inside a tropical country for that population stays wholesome when the rest may also be working methodically. Uncommon stands out as the hour of 'brown outs' or insufficient electrical energy. Water do not must be boiled. Sewage treatment systems are handled very nicely that many people by no means think about the prosperity of Singapore with sewage therapy.<br><br>The borrowings are over enchancment properties and all fast-time period (so i contemplate that's extra for working capital needs - development costs). It interprets to 3.4% dividend yield which is respectable however not necessarily inflating beating (significantly when it would not have a report of increasing dividends) So I'd categorise the intention for getting this stock is much less for revenue however in anticipation of future capital achieve. As well as, whereas the dividend pays you to wait, you'll need to assess the sustainability of the S$zero.06 per share. The dividend payout amounts to S$seventy one.eight million each year. About the Creator<br><br>Usually, for landed properties significantly high-finish indifferent homes corresponding to Cirrus, do not fetch very high yields. A rental of about RM10, 000 to RM15, 000 providing yields of 4.5 to 6 percent each year can be consistent with market expectations.The attraction could be within the appreciation values of those properties , given the recognition of such homes in this area. Values of 10 percent every year or extra would not be troublesome to attain," says Chong.<br><br>An increasing number of such auctions are being held in present world, as organizations, people, and other our bodies are disposing the outdated vehicles, and even the damaged ones. Individuals, who are wishing for possessing a car and then customizing it as per their taste, can go for these autos. They need to look ahead to the crashed unintentional vehicles for sale and such auctions and try to get a suitable vehicle. Sennett Residence a prestigious development by Tuan Sing Holdings. Beautifully designed with an iconic clubhouse and conveniently located inside 1 minute walk to MRT, it consists of three tower blocks effectively positioned in North-South facing direction to offer the highly desired cooling orientation. 2, 3 bed room units & 1, 2 , 3 bedroom Penthouses<br><br>Additionally, there's always an excellent likelihood that in the end these operations could be shut down. They are going to seemingly re-appear underneath a particular title - since they do not wish to surrender their share of a very profitable market - however inside the meantime you may't guarantee they won't skip city together with your money in their pockets. We initially didnâEUR(TM)t âEUR" for a better part of a month âEUR" didnâEUR(TM)t uncover any waste, which just floored us,âEUR In regards to the Writer<br><br>Anticipated to develop into up and achieved between 2017, the brand new construction within the market of condominium, has been stated for being considered one of a number of private sites in Katong. Both for particular person dwelling or for expense, it is mainly a superb option for expense. However not only because the move east coast Singapore absolutely offers industrial retailers beneath its roof prime however because the spot is bounded by a big choice of trade organizations too. |
| In [[voting system]]s, the '''Minimax''' method is one of several [[Condorcet method]]s used for tabulating votes and determining a winner when using [[Ranked voting systems|ranked voting]] in a [[single-member district|single-winner]] election. It is also known as the '''Simpson-Kramer method''', and the '''successive reversal method'''.
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| Minimax selects as the winner the candidate whose greatest pairwise defeat is smaller than the greatest pairwise defeat of any other candidate.
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| == Description of the method == | |
| Minimax selects the candidate for whom the greatest pairwise score for another candidate against him is the least such score among all candidates.
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| Formally, let <math>score(X,Y)</math> denote the pairwise score for <math>X</math> against <math>Y</math>.
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| Then the candidate, <math>W</math> selected by minimax (aka the winner) is given by:
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| : <math>W = \arg \min_X ( \max_Y score(Y, X))</math>
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| === Variants of the pairwise score ===
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| When it is permitted to rank candidates equally, or to not rank all the candidates, three interpretations of the rule are possible. When voters must rank all the candidates, all three variants are equivalent.
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| Let <math>d(X, Y)</math> be the number of voters ranking ''X'' over ''Y''. The variants define the score <math>score(X, Y)</math> for candidate ''X'' against ''Y'' as:
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| #The number of voters ranking ''X'' above ''Y'', but only when this score exceeds the number of voters ranking ''Y'' above ''X''. If not, then the score for ''X'' against ''Y'' is zero. This variant is sometimes called '''winning votes'''.
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| #*<math>score(X,Y) := \begin{cases} d(X, Y) &, d(X, Y) > d(Y, X) \\ 0 &, else\end{cases}</math>
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| #The number of voters ranking ''X'' above ''Y'' minus the number of voters ranking ''Y'' above ''X''. This variant is called using '''margins'''.
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| #*<math>score(X,Y) := d(X, Y) - d(Y, X)</math>
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| #The number of voters ranking ''X'' above ''Y'', regardless of whether more voters rank ''X'' above ''Y'' or vice versa. This variant is sometimes called '''pairwise opposition'''.
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| #*<math>score(X,Y) := d(X, Y)</math>
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| When one of the first two variants is used, the method can be restated as: "Disregard the weakest [[Condorcet method|pairwise]] defeat until one candidate is unbeaten." An "unbeaten" candidate possesses a maximum score against him which is zero or negative.
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| == Satisfied and failed criteria ==
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| Minimax using ''winning votes'' or ''margins'' satisfies the [[Condorcet criterion|Condorcet]] and the [[Majority criterion]], but not the [[Smith set|Smith criterion]], [[Mutual majority criterion]], [[Independence of clones criterion]], or [[Condorcet loser criterion]]. When ''winning votes'' is used, Minimax also satisfies the [[Plurality criterion]].
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| When the ''pairwise opposition'' variant is used, Minimax also does not satisfy the [[Condorcet criterion]]. However, when equal-ranking is permitted, there is never an incentive to put one's first-choice candidate below another one on one's ranking. It also satisfies the [[Later-no-harm]] criterion, which means that by listing additional, lower preferences in one's ranking, one cannot cause a preferred candidate to lose.
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| ==Examples==
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| === Example with Condorcet winner ===
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| {{Tenn voting example}}
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| The results of the pairwise scores would be tabulated as follows:
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| {| class=wikitable border=1
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| |+ Pairwise election results
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| |-
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| | colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
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| | colspan=4 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" align=center | X
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| |-
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| | bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Memphis
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| | bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Nashville
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| | bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Chattanooga
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| | bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Knoxville
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| |-
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| | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" rowspan=4 | Y
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| | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | Memphis
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| | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [X] 58% <br/>[Y] 42%
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| | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [X] 58% <br>[Y] 42%
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| | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [X] 58% <br>[Y] 42%
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| |-
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| | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | Nashville
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| | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [X] 42% <br>[Y] 58%
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| | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [X] 32% <br>[Y] 68%
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| | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [X] 32% <br>[Y] 68%
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| |-
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| | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | Chattanooga
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| | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [X] 42% <br>[Y] 58%
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| | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [X] 68% <br>[Y] 32%
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| | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [X] 17% <br>[Y] 83%
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| |-
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| | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | Knoxville
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| | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [X] 42% <br>[Y] 58%
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| | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [X] 68% <br>[Y] 32%
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| | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [X] 83% <br>[Y] 17%
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| |-
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| | colspan=2 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Pairwise election results (won-tied-lost):
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| | 0-0-3
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| | 3-0-0
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| | 2-0-1
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| | 1-0-2
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| |-
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| | colspan=2 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | worst pairwise defeat (winning votes):
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''58%''
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| | bgcolor=#bbffbb|'''0%'''
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''68%''
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''83%''
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| |-
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| | colspan=2 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | worst pairwise defeat (margins):
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''16%''
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| | bgcolor=#bbffbb|'''-16%'''
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''36%''
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''66%''
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| |-
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| | colspan=2 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | worst pairwise opposition:
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''58%''
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| | bgcolor=#bbffbb|'''42%'''
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''68%''
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''83%''
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| |}
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| * [X] indicates voters who preferred the candidate listed in the column caption to the candidate listed in the row caption
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| * [Y] indicates voters who preferred the candidate listed in the row caption to the candidate listed in the column caption
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| '''Result:''' In all three alternatives '''Nashville''', the capital in real life, has the lowest value and is elected winner.
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| === Example with Condorcet winner that is not elected winner (for pairwise opposition) ===
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| Assume three candidates A, B and C and voters with the following preferences:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| !4% of voters !! 47% of voters !! 43% of voters !! 6% of voters
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| |-
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| |rowspan=2|1. A and C || 1. A || 1. C || 1. B
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| |-
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| | 2. C || 2. B || rowspan=2|2. A and C
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| |-
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| |3. B || 3. B || 3. A
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| |}
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| The results would be tabulated as follows:
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| {| class=wikitable border=1
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| |+ Pairwise election results
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
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| | colspan=3 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" align=center | X
| |
| |-
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| | bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | A
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| | bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | B
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| | bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | C
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| |-
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| | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" rowspan=3 | Y
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| | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | A
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| |
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| | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [X] 49% <br/>[Y] 51%
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| | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [X] 43% <br>[Y] 47%
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| |-
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| | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | B
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| | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [X] 51% <br>[Y] 49%
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| |
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| | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [X] 94% <br>[Y] 6%
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| |-
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| | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | C
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| | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [X] 47% <br>[Y] 43%
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| | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [X] 6% <br>[Y] 94%
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| | colspan=2 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Pairwise election results (won-tied-lost):
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| | 2-0-0
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| | 0-0-2
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| | 1-0-1
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| |-
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| | colspan=2 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | worst pairwise defeat (winning votes):
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| | bgcolor=#bbffbb|'''0%'''
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''94%
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''47%
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| |-
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| | colspan=2 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | worst pairwise defeat (margins):
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| | bgcolor=#bbffbb|'''-2%'''
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''88%
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''4%
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| |-
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| | colspan=2 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | worst pairwise opposition:
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''49%
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''94%
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| | bgcolor=#bbffbb|'''47%'''
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| |}
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| * [X] indicates voters who preferred the candidate listed in the column caption to the candidate listed in the row caption
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| * [Y] indicates voters who preferred the candidate listed in the row caption to the candidate listed in the column caption
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| '''Result''': With the alternatives winning votes and margins, the Condorcet winner '''A''' is declared Minimax winner. However, using the pairwise opposition alternative, '''C''' is declared winner, since less voters strongly oppose him in his worst pairwise score against A than A is opposed by in his worst pairwise score against B.
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| === Example without Condorcet winner ===
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| Assume four candidates A, B, C and D. Voters are allowed to not consider some candidates (denoting an n/a in the table), so that their ballots are not taken into account for pairwise scores of that candidates.
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| ! 30 voters !! 15 voters !! 14 voters !! 6 voters || 4 voters || 16 voters || 14 voters || 3 voters
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| |-
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| | 1. A || 1. D || 1. D || 1. B || 1. D || 1. C || 1. B || 1. C
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| |-
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| | 2. C || 2. B || 2. B || 2. C || 2. C || rowspan=2|2. A and B || 2. C || 2. A
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| |-
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| | 3. B || 3. A || 3. C || 3. A || rowspan=2|3. A and B
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| |-
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| | 4. D || 4. C || 4. A || 4. D
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| |-
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| |colspan=5| || n/a D || n/a A and D || n/a B and D
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| |}
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| The results would be tabulated as follows:
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| {| class=wikitable border=1
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| |+ Pairwise election results
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| |-
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| | colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
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| | colspan=4 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" align=center | X
| |
| |-
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| | bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | A
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| | bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | B
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| | bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | C
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| | bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | D
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| |-
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| | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" rowspan=4 | Y
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| | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | A
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| |
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| | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [X] 35 <br/>[Y] 30
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| | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [X] 43 <br>[Y] 45
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| | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [X] 33 <br>[Y] 36
| |
| |-
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| | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | B
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| | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [X] 30 <br>[Y] 35
| |
| |
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| | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [X] 50 <br>[Y] 49
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| | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [X] 33 <br>[Y] 36
| |
| |-
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| | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | C
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| | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [X] 45 <br>[Y] 43
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| | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [X] 49 <br>[Y] 50
| |
| |
| |
| | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [X] 33 <br>[Y] 36
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | D
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| | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [X] 36 <br>[Y] 33
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| | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [X] 36 <br>[Y] 33
| |
| | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [X] 36 <br>[Y] 33
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan=2 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Pairwise election results (won-tied-lost):
| |
| | 2-0-1
| |
| | 2-0-1
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| | 2-0-1
| |
| | 0-0-3
| |
| |-
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| | colspan=2 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | worst pairwise defeat (winning votes):
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| | bgcolor=#bbffbb|'''35'''
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''50''
| |
| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''45''
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''36''
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan=2 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | worst pairwise defeat (margins):
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| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''5''
| |
| | bgcolor=#bbffbb|'''1'''
| |
| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''2''
| |
| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''3''
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan=2 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | worst pairwise opposition:
| |
| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''43''
| |
| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''50''
| |
| | bgcolor=#ffbbbb|''49''
| |
| | bgcolor=#bbffbb|'''36'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| * [X] indicates voters who preferred the candidate listed in the column caption to the candidate listed in the row caption
| |
| * [Y] indicates voters who preferred the candidate listed in the row caption to the candidate listed in the column caption
| |
| | |
| '''Result''':
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| Each of the three alternatives gives another winner:
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| * the winning votes alternative choose '''A''' as winner, since it has the lowest value of 35 votes for the winner in his biggest defeat;
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| * the margin alternative choose '''B''' as winner, since it has the lowest difference of votes in his biggest defeat;
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| * and pairwise opposition choose the Condorcet looser '''D''' as winner, since it has the lowest votes of the biggest opponent in all pairwise scores.
| |
| | |
| == See also ==
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| *[[Minimax]] - main minimax article
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| *[[Wald's maximin model]] - Wald's maximin model
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| == References ==
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| *Levin, Jonathan, and Barry Nalebuff. 1995. "An Introduction to Vote-Counting Schemes." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(1): 3–26.
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| == External links ==
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| *[http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~legrand/rbvote/desc.html Description of ranked ballot voting methods: Simpson] by Rob LeGrand
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| *[http://wiki.electorama.com/wiki/Minmax Electowiki: minmax]
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| {{voting systems}}
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| [[Category:Condorcet methods]]
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| [[Category:Monotonic Condorcet methods]]
| |
Kuala Lumpur's landed property market is displaying signs of recovery with the capital values of prime landed homes displaying the greatest price appreciation at 60 percent on average in the fourth quarter of Tw.renaissance-editions.com final yr, in line with a research by Jones Lang Wooton (JLW).
Secondly, because the resale unit is completed, the unit can be utilized immediately for own occupation, or for rental functions. In a new launch mission development, the property could take up to 5 years to construct. This results in lack of enjoyment of property , or loss of rental earnings. All properties depreciate in value (it's the land that the property is on, that appreciates in worth. As such, from yr zero onwards, the property is declining in value. When a buyer buys an older resale property , the property has already lost a good portion of its worth. If the history of Singapore isn't long enough, look outdoors the nation. Have a look at what has occurred within the property markets in any nation in Asia, US or Europe. Laverne's Loft set for Friday launch
Another reason Singapore property will in all probability be a protected and secure investment for future years pertains to a proper dwelling and work. This produces demand inside itself. The Singapore authorities makes certain that garbage is collected daily. No excuses are acceptable for not amassing garbage every day. This will probably be vital inside a tropical country for that population stays wholesome when the rest may also be working methodically. Uncommon stands out as the hour of 'brown outs' or insufficient electrical energy. Water do not must be boiled. Sewage treatment systems are handled very nicely that many people by no means think about the prosperity of Singapore with sewage therapy.
The borrowings are over enchancment properties and all fast-time period (so i contemplate that's extra for working capital needs - development costs). It interprets to 3.4% dividend yield which is respectable however not necessarily inflating beating (significantly when it would not have a report of increasing dividends) So I'd categorise the intention for getting this stock is much less for revenue however in anticipation of future capital achieve. As well as, whereas the dividend pays you to wait, you'll need to assess the sustainability of the S$zero.06 per share. The dividend payout amounts to S$seventy one.eight million each year. About the Creator
Usually, for landed properties significantly high-finish indifferent homes corresponding to Cirrus, do not fetch very high yields. A rental of about RM10, 000 to RM15, 000 providing yields of 4.5 to 6 percent each year can be consistent with market expectations.The attraction could be within the appreciation values of those properties , given the recognition of such homes in this area. Values of 10 percent every year or extra would not be troublesome to attain," says Chong.
An increasing number of such auctions are being held in present world, as organizations, people, and other our bodies are disposing the outdated vehicles, and even the damaged ones. Individuals, who are wishing for possessing a car and then customizing it as per their taste, can go for these autos. They need to look ahead to the crashed unintentional vehicles for sale and such auctions and try to get a suitable vehicle. Sennett Residence a prestigious development by Tuan Sing Holdings. Beautifully designed with an iconic clubhouse and conveniently located inside 1 minute walk to MRT, it consists of three tower blocks effectively positioned in North-South facing direction to offer the highly desired cooling orientation. 2, 3 bed room units & 1, 2 , 3 bedroom Penthouses
Additionally, there's always an excellent likelihood that in the end these operations could be shut down. They are going to seemingly re-appear underneath a particular title - since they do not wish to surrender their share of a very profitable market - however inside the meantime you may't guarantee they won't skip city together with your money in their pockets. We initially didnâEUR(TM)t âEUR" for a better part of a month âEUR" didnâEUR(TM)t uncover any waste, which just floored us,âEUR In regards to the Writer
Anticipated to develop into up and achieved between 2017, the brand new construction within the market of condominium, has been stated for being considered one of a number of private sites in Katong. Both for particular person dwelling or for expense, it is mainly a superb option for expense. However not only because the move east coast Singapore absolutely offers industrial retailers beneath its roof prime however because the spot is bounded by a big choice of trade organizations too.