|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| '''SITOR''' ([[Simplex communication|SImplex]] Teletype Over Radio) is a system for transmitting text messages. Although it uses the same [[frequency-shift keying]] (FSK) modulation used by regular [[radioteletype]] (RTTY), SITOR uses [[error detection]], redundancy, and/or retransmission to improve reliability.
| | Luke Bryan is often a celebrity within the creating plus the vocation progress 1st 2nd to his 3rd resort album, And , is the proof. [http://www.ffpjp24.org luke bryan my kind of night tour] He [http://lukebryantickets.sgs-suparco.org who has luke bryan toured with] burst open to the picture in 2015 with his unique blend of straight down-home accessibility, motion picture legend very good looks and lyrics, is set t within a key way. The newest re around the nation chart and #2 in the burst graphs, building it the next maximum debut during that time of 2009 for a nation artist. <br><br>The child of a , is aware determination and determination are important elements in terms of an effective occupation- . His very first recording, Continue to be Me, made the most notable hits “All My Friends “Country and Say” Gentleman,” while his hard work, Doin’ Thing, discovered the singer-a [http://www.ladyhawkshockey.org sell tickets online] few directly No. 1 single people: Else Getting in touch with Is really a Good Point.”<br><br>Inside the slip of 2012, Concert tours: Bryan & that had an impressive set of , including [http://www.cinemaudiosociety.org meet luke bryan] Metropolitan. “It’s almost like you’re acquiring a authorization to visit to another level, says individuals designers that had been an element of the Concert tourabove right into a larger sized level of artists.” It wrapped as one of the most successful excursions in the 10-12 months history.<br><br>Take a look at my blog post; on tour with luke bryan ([http://www.netpaw.org navigate to these guys]) |
| | |
| There are two SITOR modes:
| |
| * SITOR-A is used for [[point-to-point (network topology)|point to point]] links. SITOR-A uses [[automatic repeat request]] (ARQ) to gain reliability. If the receiver detects an error, it requests a retransmission.
| |
| * SITOR-B is used for [[Broadcasting (computing)|broadcast]] links. SITOR-B transmits each character in a message twice to gain reliability. If the receiver detects an error in the first character, it uses the copy. If both characters are garbled, the receiver won't know what was sent.
| |
| * SITOR-B by definition uses [[forward error correction]] (FEC), versus ARQ for SITOR-A.
| |
| | |
| SITOR sends 7-bit characters as a bit stream at 100 [[baud]] (which, in this case, is 100 bits per second, 10 milliseconds per bit, or 70 milliseconds per character).
| |
| | |
| The bitstream is FSK modulated with a 170 Hz frequency shift. The high frequency is a mark, and the low frequency is a space. {{Harv|Schetgen|1995|p=???}} | |
| | |
| ==Applications==
| |
| SITOR is used commonly on shortwave bands, where it is used to transmit maritime-related information such as weather forecasts and storm warnings.
| |
| | |
| SITOR-B is used for [[narrow-band direct printing]] (NBDP).<ref>check this</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[NAVTEX]] marine weather and safety messages are broadcast using SITOR-B. The NAVTEX messages have a specific format that is interpreted by NAVTEX receivers. (NAVTEX is layered on top of SITOR-B just as HTML is layered on top of TCP.)
| |
| | |
| [[Amateur radio]] uses SITOR but calls it [[AMTOR]], AMateur Teleleprinting Over Radio. {{Harv|Schetgen|1995|p=12.20}} AMTOR-A is SITOR-A. AMTOR-B (also called AMTOR-FEC) is SITOR-B.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Schetgen|1995|p=12.21}} claims groups of 5 characters are sent, but it is probably in error.</ref> In 1991, an AMTOR extension was described that includes lower case and other printable ASCII characters. {{Harv|Schetgen|1995|pp=12.18–12.19}}
| |
| | |
| ==Technical Details==
| |
| ===Character set===
| |
| RTTY uses the ITA2 ([[Baudot code]]) character code. ITA2 is a five bit code with 32 possible code points. Four code points are used for null (BLANK), space (SPACE), carriage return (CR), and line feed (LF). Two code points are used for a letter shift (LTRS) or a figure shift (FIGS). The remaining 26 code points are used for characters in the letters and figures sets. Consequently, ITA2 can represent 52 (2*26) additional characters.<ref>ITA2 does not assign all 52 characters. The figure shift for D is a checked box or iron cross. The figure shifts for F, G, and H are not assigned but should not cause errors. See ITU-R M 625-3 page 5. U.S. teletypes assign all 52. Figure shift for D is "$", for F is "!", for G is "&", and for H is "#". In AMTOR, BLANK is sometimes used to toggle between the CCIR 476 character set and Blank Code extension sets so lower case and other characters can be represented. See ASCII-over-AMTOR at {{Harvtxt|Schetgen|1995|pp=12.18–12.19.}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| SITOR recasts ITA2 into a 7 bit code called [[CCIR 476]]. Each 7-bit character in CCIR 476 has 4 marks (ones) and 3 spaces (zeros). {{Harv|Schetgen|1995|pp=12.20–12.21, Table 30.41 at 30.38}} Each valid character code has a [[Hamming distance]] of at least 2 from every other character. A one bit error will disrupt the balance of marks and spaces; a second bit error may (or may not) bring the count back to 4 marks and 3 spaces. Consequently, the CCIR 476 alphabet is guaranteed to detect all single bit errors within a character.
| |
| | |
| The number of valid characters in CCIR 476 is the number of ways to choose 4 marks for 7 bit positions, and the number can be calculated using the [[binomial coefficient]]: <math>\textstyle \binom{7}{3} = \binom{7}{4} = 35</math>. Thus CCIR 476 has 3 additional code points over ITA2. SITOR uses the additional code points for idle, phasing, and repeat requests. {{Harv|Schetgen|1995|p=12.21}}. In addition, some of the ordinary characters are reused as Control Signals. (CCIR Rec. 625 Service Information Signals.)
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Code (bits 6543210)
| |
| ! Mode A (ARQ)
| |
| ! Mode B (FEC)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1100101
| |
| | Control signal 1 (CS1)
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1101010
| |
| | Control signal 2 (CS2)
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1011001
| |
| | Control signal 3 (CS3)
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | 0110101
| |
| | Control signal 4 (CS4)
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1101001
| |
| | Control signal 5 (CS5)
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | 0110011
| |
| | Idle signal β
| |
| | Idle signal β
| |
| |-
| |
| | 0001111
| |
| | Idle signal α
| |
| | Phasing signal 1
| |
| Idle signal α
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1100110
| |
| | Signal repetition (RQ)
| |
| | Phasing signal 2
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===SITOR-A===
| |
| Transmission in synchronous frames of 450ms. Three characters are transmitted by Information Sending Station (ISS). Takes 210 milliseconds. The ISS then waits 240 ms for a response. Information Receiving Station (IRS) receives the three characters and checks that they each have 4 marks and 3 spaces. If they do, then the IRS transmits an acknowledgement. If they don't, then the IRS requests retransmission. At the beginning of the next frame, the ISS either retransmits the last 3 characters or the next three characters.
| |
| | |
| ===SITOR-B===
| |
| {{listen|filename=NMC 8425.ogg|title=SITOR idling pattern|description=Listen to a sample of a SITOR idler pattern, from the U.S. Coast Guard station NMC ([[Point Reyes]]). The letterns "NMC" are also transmitted in Morse.}}
| |
| | |
| SITOR has an aurally easy to identify idling pattern. Synchronization bursts are transmitted every second or so and last for slightly more than one second. Every few sync bursts, a Morse identifier of three letters is transmitted (for example NMO in Honolulu).
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| * [[AMTOR]]
| |
| * [[NAVTEX]]
| |
| * [[Radioteletype]]
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist|30em}}
| |
| * {{Citation |editor-last=Schetgen |editor-first=Robert |title=The ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs |year=1995 |edition=Seventy-Third (1996) |publisher=The American Radio Relay League |location=Newington, CT |isbn=0-87259-173-5 |doi= }}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| * [http://www.ominous-valve.com/sitor.html Spectogram of SITOR-B idle pattern, with description]
| |
| * [http://weather.gov/om/marine/hfsitor.htm US Coast Guard SITOR schedules (NOAA)]
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Quantized radio modulation modes]]
| |
Luke Bryan is often a celebrity within the creating plus the vocation progress 1st 2nd to his 3rd resort album, And , is the proof. luke bryan my kind of night tour He who has luke bryan toured with burst open to the picture in 2015 with his unique blend of straight down-home accessibility, motion picture legend very good looks and lyrics, is set t within a key way. The newest re around the nation chart and #2 in the burst graphs, building it the next maximum debut during that time of 2009 for a nation artist.
The child of a , is aware determination and determination are important elements in terms of an effective occupation- . His very first recording, Continue to be Me, made the most notable hits “All My Friends “Country and Say” Gentleman,” while his hard work, Doin’ Thing, discovered the singer-a sell tickets online few directly No. 1 single people: Else Getting in touch with Is really a Good Point.”
Inside the slip of 2012, Concert tours: Bryan & that had an impressive set of , including meet luke bryan Metropolitan. “It’s almost like you’re acquiring a authorization to visit to another level, says individuals designers that had been an element of the Concert tourabove right into a larger sized level of artists.” It wrapped as one of the most successful excursions in the 10-12 months history.
Take a look at my blog post; on tour with luke bryan (navigate to these guys)