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| {{Public finance}}
| | Hello from Italy. I'm glad to be here. My first name is Alisha. <br>I live in a town called Caraffa Del Bianco in western Italy.<br>I was also born in Caraffa Del Bianco 36 years ago. Married in February 2001. I'm working at the the office.<br><br>My website [http://Titon.net/UserProfile/tabid/43/userId/175666/Default.aspx FIFA coin generator] |
| A '''balanced budget''' (particularly that of a government) is a budget with [[revenue]]s equal to [[expenditure]]s, and neither a [[budget deficit]] nor a [[budget surplus]] ("the accounts ''balance''"). More generally, it refers to a budget with no deficit, but possibly with a surplus.<ref>{{cite book
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| | last = Sullivan
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| | first = Arthur
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| | authorlink = Arthur O' Sullivan
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| | coauthors = Steven M. Sheffrin
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| | title = Economics: Principles in action
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| | publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall
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| | year = 2003
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| | location = Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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| | pages = 376, 403
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| | url = http://www.pearsonschool.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZ3R9&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbCategoryId=&PMDbProgramId=12881&level=4
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| | doi =
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| | id =
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| | isbn = 0-13-063085-3}}</ref> A ''cyclically'' balanced budget is a budget that is not necessarily balanced year-to-year, but is balanced over the [[economic cycle]], running a surplus in boom years and running a deficit in lean years, with these offsetting over time.
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| Balanced budgets, and the associated topic of budget deficits, are a contentious point within academic economics and within politics. The mainstream economic view is that having a balanced budget in every year is not desirable, with budget deficits in lean times being desirable. Most economists have also agreed that a balanced budget would decrease interest rates,<ref name=uoqz>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/budget/stories/050497.htm | work=The Washington Post | title=Winners and Losers In a Balanced Budget | date=4 May 1997}}</ref> increase savings and investment,<ref name=uoqz /> shrink trade deficits and help the economy grow faster over a longer period of time.<ref name=uoqz />
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| == Economic views ==
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| [[Mainstream economics]] mainly advocates a cyclically balanced budget, arguing from the perspective [[Keynesian economics]] that budget deficits provide [[fiscal stimulus]] in lean times, while budget surpluses provide restraint in boom times. However, it should be noted that Keynesian economics does not advocate for fiscal stimulus when the existing government debt is already significant.
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| Alternative currents in the mainstream and branches of [[heterodox economics]] argue differently, with some arguing that budget deficits are always harmful, and others arguing that budget deficits are both beneficial and in fact ''necessary.''
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| Schools which often argue against the effectiveness of budget deficits as cyclical tools include the [[freshwater school (economics)|freshwater school]] of mainstream economics and [[neoclassical economics]] more generally, and the [[Austrian school of economics]]. Budget deficits are argued to be necessary by some within [[Post-Keynesian economics]], notably the [[Chartalist]] school.
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| :''Larger deficits,'' sufficient to recycle savings out of a growing gross domestic product (GDP) in excess of what can be recycled by profit-seeking private investment, are not an economic sin but ''an economic necessity.''<ref>{{Harv|Vickrey|1996|loc = Fallacy 1}}</ref>
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| To calculate "Balance budget" (or Budget deficit)
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| "Estimated central government income - Total proposed central government expenditure = Central government budget balance
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| For examples "sweden gov 2014"
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| http://www.government.se/sb/d/2798/a/223352
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| http://www.government.se/sb/d/2798/a/223351
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| Estimated central government income for 2014 824 219 318
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| Total proposed central government expenditure for 2014 868 914 799
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| Central government budget balance for 2014 - 44 695 481
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| So Central government budget balance that reflect "Estimate borrow requirement"
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| So "in Proposals in "government expenditure"" "Government Investing"
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| In conclusion in "Goverment investing" sooner or later will results "Financial return"(Depend on "investment plan" "sustainable socioeconomic development with concern sustainable environment" not only "economic development" that aim only "financial return & profitable" but also with "social development" "social good" "CSR","SRI","ESS" + poverty reduction, etc.,etc.)
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| Anyway, focus on macroeconomic development for sustainable socioeconomic development + poverty reduction
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| Should consider "Cost effective" & "cost benefits analysis" too.
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| Like in examples above.
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| That indicate some of "budget deficit"
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| But if deep in details
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| Based on consider "Cost effective" & "cost benefits analysis"
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| That mean not every time that some of budget deficit will results "negative results"
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| Depend on "Government expenditure" (government spending)
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| Ratio between "Government expenditure" that results "financial return""Government Investing"/"Government expenditure" that not results "financial return"
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| So for easy understanding,if you don't have enough money,To treat underlying cause,to resolve problems, You need to find more money.
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| "GDP" is not reflect "the true parameter" in calculating "balance budget" or budget deficit of governance
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| But can assume from GDP about VAT that is "a part of "Estimate central government income"
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| "Values added in global values chain" because values reflected "consumption" reflected "demand"
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| "Demand" induce "supply" induce "job creation & income generating"
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| Find more money to rresolve problems,Make clear.
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| == Political views ==
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| {{Expand section|date=January 2010}}
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| === United States ===
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| In the United States, the [[fiscal conservatism]] movement believes that balanced budgets are an important goal. Every state other than [[Vermont]] has a [[balanced budget amendment]], providing some form of ban on deficits, while the [[Kicker (Oregon tax rebate)|Oregon kicker]] bans ''surpluses'' of greater than 2% of revenue. The Colorado Taxpayer Bill of Rights (the TABOR amendment) also bans surpluses, and requires the state to refund taxpayers in event of a budget surplus.
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| === Sweden ===
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| Following the over-borrowing in both the public and private sector that led to the [[Economy of Sweden#Crisis of the 1990s|Swedish banking crisis of the early 1990s]] and under influence from a series of reports on the future demographic challenges, a wide political consensus developed on fiscal prudence. In the year 2000 this was enshrined in a law that stated a goal of a surplus of 2% over the business cycle, to be used to pay off the public debt and to secure the long-term future for the cherished welfare state. Today the goal is 1% over the business cycle, as the retirement pension is no longer considered a government expenditure.
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| ==Balanced budget multiplier==
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| Because of the multiplier effect, it is possible to change aggregate demand (Y) keeping a balanced budget. The government increases its expenditures (G), balancing it by an increase in taxes (T). Since only part of the money taken away from households would have actually been used in the economy, the change in consumption expenditure will be smaller than the change in taxes. Therefore the money which would have been saved by households is instead injected into the economy, itself becoming part of the multiplier process. In general, a change in the balanced budget will change aggregate demand by an amount equal to the change in spending.
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| :<math>Y_1 = c_0 + c_1 \left ( Y - T \right ) + I + G</math>
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| :<math>Y_1 = \frac {1} {1 - c_1} \left ( c_0 + I + G - c_1 T \right )</math>
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| :<math>G = G + \alpha \, </math>
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| :<math>T = T + \alpha \, </math>
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| :<math>Y_2 = \frac {1} {1 - c_1} \left ( c_0 + I + \left ( G + \alpha \right ) - c_1 \left ( T + \alpha \right ) \right )</math>
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| :<math>\Delta Y = Y_2 - Y_1 = \frac {\alpha} {1 - c_1} \left ( 1 - c_1 \right ) = \alpha </math>
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| :<math>\Delta T - \Delta G = \alpha - \alpha = 0 \, </math>
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| '''Balanced budget multiplier as taxes depend on income'''
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| :<math>Y = C + I + G </math>
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| :<math>C = b(Y - T) </math>
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| :<math>T = tY </math>
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| :<math>G = t </math>
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| :<math>Y = b(Y - tY) + I + tY </math>
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| :<math>Y = bY - btY + tY + I </math>
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| :<math>Y(1 - (b - bt + t) = I </math>
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| :<math>Y = \frac {1} {1 - b + bt - t} (I) </math>
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| :<math>Y ' = \frac {1} {1 - b + bt - t}</math>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Balanced Budget Amendment]] (United States government)
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| ==References==
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| {{Refimprove|date=January 2010}}
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| {{reflist}}
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| {{refbegin}}
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| *{{ citation | url = http://www.columbia.edu/dlc/wp/econ/vickrey.html | title = Fifteen Fatal Fallacies of Financial Fundamentalism: A Disquisition on Demand Side Economics | authorlink = William Vickrey | first = William | last = Vickrey | date = October 5, 1996 | postscript =. Paper was written one week before the author's death, three days before he received the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]]. }}
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| {{refend}}
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| [[Category:Fiscal policy]]
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| [[Category:Government budgets]]
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| [[Category:Keynesian economics]]
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Hello from Italy. I'm glad to be here. My first name is Alisha.
I live in a town called Caraffa Del Bianco in western Italy.
I was also born in Caraffa Del Bianco 36 years ago. Married in February 2001. I'm working at the the office.
My website FIFA coin generator