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A '''pivot language''', sometimes also called a '''bridge language''', is an [[artificial language|artificial]] or [[natural language]] used as an intermediary language for translation between many different languages – to translate between any pair of languages A and B, one translates A to the pivot language P, then from P to B. Using a pivot language avoids the [[combinatorial explosion (communication)|combinatorial explosion]] of having translators across every combination of the supported languages, as the number of combinations of language is linear (<math>n-1</math>), rather than quadratic <math>\left(\textstyle{\binom{n}{2}}=\frac{n^2-n}{2}\right)</math> – one need only know the language A and the pivot language P (and someone else the language B and the pivot P), rather than needing a different translator for every possible combination of A and B.
== it should understand the point of law ...... Otherwise ==


The disadvantage of a pivot language is that each step of retranslation introduces possible mistakes and ambiguities – using a pivot language involves two steps, rather than one. For example, when [[Hernán Cortés]] communicated with [[Mesoamerican]] Indians, he would speak Spanish to [[Gerónimo de Aguilar]], who would speak [[Mayan language|Mayan]] to [[Malintzin]], who would speak [[Nahuatl language|Nahuatl]] to the locals.
'European police preparation, strike out the wound is diamond, the German production of Prosecco stun gun, the black market [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-2.html 時計 ケイトスペード] is very popular.' Caoya Jie Tao, watching other people's eyes stare somewhat questioned him, he quickly explaining: 'I've seen on electronic gadgets just curious, this thing comparable power firearms, and most mainland police also unclear, thought it was a small homemade knockoff, so ban was not very strict. '<br><br>'Well, vision ...... that right there is the case then what do you think?' Xiaomeng Qi asked.<br><br>'People have this [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-6.html ケイトスペード リボン バッグ] gun, there may Mafia background, and be able to turn away the money, it is not an ordinary thief earth, and look at their modus operandi, seeking money rather than lethal ...... [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-12.html ケイトスペード 財布 値段] it shows their quality not low. 'Caoya Jie Tao.<br><br>'higher quality on this ......?' Li Mei is not convinced.<br><br>'absolute high, robbery and murder is not a concept, it can be seen [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-8.html kate spade 財布 ゴールド] that [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-8.html マザーズバッグ ケイトスペード] they act at least somewhat afraid, since some fear, it should understand the point of law ...... Otherwise, direct wiping his neck good, what is dead both could not speak to the. 'Cao Asia
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== Examples ==
== pocket phone has been ringing at Zizi ==
{{See also|Interlingual machine translation}}
[[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Russian language|Russian]], and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] are often used as pivot languages.  [[Interlingua]] has been used as a pivot language in international conferences and has been proposed as a pivot language for the [[European Union]].<ref>Breinstrup, Thomas. "Linguaphobos? Non in le UE". [Linguaphobes? Not in the EU]. ''[[Panorama in Interlingua]]'', 2006, Issue 5.</ref>  [[Esperanto]] was proposed as a pivot language in the [[Distributed Language Translation]] project and has been used in this way in the Majstro Tradukvortaro at the Esperanto website [http://www.majstro.com/ Majstro.com].  The [[Universal Networking Language]] is an artificial language specifically designed for use as a pivot language.


== In computing ==
Council also wasted effort of. 'Mouse Road.<br><br>'I think this question really is not, smart people will not dare to adventure and I now have a little experience, clever people trying to cheat, then use their [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-1.html ケイトスペード 財布 店舗] smart, so [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-5.html ケイトスペード バッグ 激安] they thought to want [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-12.html ケイトスペードの財布] hesitates, then got into his own cap where Tut ...... tease the old liar great sense of accomplishment, I feel a little bit like this. '<br><br>I sin [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-9.html ケイトスペードバッグセール] himself, and he thought, this time, Bian liar definitely thinking Laotou, Pa prison, prison transfer that horrible word composed of stories that [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-10.html ケイトスペード財布評判] should be stimulated their imagination tossing it difficult to sleep ... .........<br>Bullet<br>Chapter 10 of Volume V of thinking so the head<br><br>pocket phone has been ringing at Zizi, Luojia Long looked at the mouse's phone, direct press out, do not pick up.<br><br>beside him Wang Shen repair has just pressed the phone, is Xiaomeng Qi, but also did not answer. Each press time, both with each other to give a look, eyes that tell each other: I can not pick ah.<br><br>rang the phone, they listened attentively
{{see also|Intermediate language}}
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Pivot coding is also a common method of translating data for computer systems. For example, the [[internet protocol]], [[XML]] and [[high level language]]s are pivot codings of computer data which are then often rendered into internal binary formats for particular computer systems.
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</ul>


[[Unicode]] was designed to be usable as a pivot coding between various major existing character encodings, though its widespread adoption as a coding in its own right has made this usage unimportant.
== the audience quiet ==


== In machine translation (MT) ==
Police kinds of police uniforms consistent armbands different, and [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-7.html ケイトスペード バッグ 新作] white helmet, police whether or formal establishment of the Police Association, in front of the inspectors, I am afraid to take a 'long' word should be low one, saw the stiff , the audience quiet, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-11.html バッグ ケイトスペード] looked at each other with, afraid of an accident, I want to deliberately stir up trouble, like crime, people under the stern heart, in fact, as early as [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-8.html ハンドバッグ ケイトスペード] I saw the little tricks [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-9.html kate spade 財布 ゴールド] of the crime.<br><br>also deliberately stir up trouble, more than sin disdain with: 'arrogant enough ah, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-9.html kate spade 財布 ゴールド] you are the police it?'<br><br>'What?' two inspectors stunned, angry, and wondered that this person should not be detained immediately.<br><br>'Police Force Ordinance clearly states: in the performance of official duties, the need to produce documents ...... from my door, you will not walk away triumphantly, wrist those of us desperately frontline players, we have a brother has been lying in the hospital, all anxious not immediately identify the murderer, but someone can stopping, looking at us like prisoners like watching ......... I ask again, you fucking police it? not fake it? documents showed not. 'I sin overcast with a straight face , vagueness talking.<br><br>'right
Current statistical machine translation ([[Statistical machine translation|SMT]]) systems use [[parallel corpora]] for source (s) and target (t) languages to achieve their good results, but good parallel corpora are not available for all languages. A pivot language (p) enables the bridge between two languages, to which existing parallel corpora are entirely or partially not yet at hand.
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Pivot translation can be problematic because of the potential lack of fidelity of the information forwarded in the use of different corpora. From the use of two bilingual corpora (s-p & p-t) to set up the s-t bridge, linguistic data are inevitably lost. Rule-based machine translation ([[RBMT]]) helps the system rescue this information, so that the system does not rely entirely on statistics but also on structural linguistic information.
== regardless of success or failure or not ==


Three basic techniques are used to employ pivot language in MT: (1) ''triangulation'', which focuses on phrase paralleling between source and pivot (s-p) and between pivot and target (p-t); (2) ''[[Transfer-based machine translation|transfer]]'', which translates the whole sentence of the source language to a pivot language and then to the target language; and (3) ''synthesis'', which builds a corpus of its own for system training.
Everyone welcome.<br><br>split pair of pull in applause, Xiaomeng Qi noticed. Four men are looked at him look like the lady's vision is a little jealousy envy hate, but this is nothing, she [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-0.html ケイトスペード バッグ 激安] has become accustomed to the focus in this male dominated group, along with presentation of the history of the Qing Huai, to everyone saluted, another [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-11.html ケイトスペードニューヨーク 財布] director, Xu He, a little fat, but ruddy, spiritual head quite enough to introduce him to speak on the way finished with:<br><br>'Corps ah I read the [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-8.html ケイトスペード ハンドバッグ] first draft of this plan, very creative, but also very forward-looking, which for us is a new subject of criminal investigation, I have not come [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-12.html kate spade 長財布] to you in class, but come together to learn and explore, regardless of success or failure or not, we will provide [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-14.html ケイトスペード時計人気] useful experience for newcomers, so from that point, I hope that our sincere cooperation, early achievements, we say, there is faith? '<br><br>'have' short and to the practice of sound, accompanied by chest movements, so that Director Xu feel this team still quite promising.<br><br>'Come Shike Zhang.' Director Xu smiles
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The '''triangulation''' method (also called ''phrase table multiplication'') calculates the probability of both translation correspondences and lexical weight in s-p and p-t, to try to induce a new s-t phrase table. The '''transfer''' method (also called ''sentence translation strategy'') simply carries a straightforward translation of s into p and then another translation of p into t without using probabilistic tests (as in triangulation). The '''synthetic''' method uses an existing corpus of s and tries to build an own synthetic corpus out of it that is used by the system to train itself. Then a bilingual s-p corpus is synthesized to enable a p-t translation.
== Is a team of inmates into the column ==


A direct comparison between triangulation and transfer methods for SMT systems has shown that triangulation achieves much better results than transfer.
Is a team of inmates into the column, in high spirits, high-spirited expression to report the number, then the leader took to factories, farms, in addition to the high walls of the sentry people think this is a special environment, other places do not feel strange. Especially when those prisoners go, and sang old songs ah sonorous: Let the workers have the power ......<br><br>stunned over sin and mouse interaction as one, marked brother whispered: '? YU children, ye think I live here compared to our old happy hard to force more'<br><br>'yes ah, now free to live on public housing can be little chance of ...... Look at this dormitory, certainly better than the tall city [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-15.html ケイトスペードニューヨーク 財布] real estate quality.' sin than a small channel.<br><br>warden heard two [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-8.html 財布 ケイトスペード] men talking, and just smiled, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-5.html ケイトスペード 財布 セール] waved the guards [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-3.html 財布 kate spade] shouted an arrangement with as people, this time to see who the [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-14.html kate spade マザーズバッグ] protagonist from the uniforms of the team came out, from afar, is a stature, both said, looks clear Jue, closer and closer, when I sin and mouse letting surprised, and imagine different, originally thought of ten years prison with a look of persecution, can this person on the contrary, big eyebrows eye,
 
相关的主题文章:
All three pivot language techniques enhance the performance of SMT systems. However, the ''synthetic'' technique  doesn't work well with RBMT, and systems' performances are lower than expected. Hybrid SMT/RBMT systems achieve better translation quality than strict-SMT systems that rely on bad parallel corpora.
<ul>
 
 
The key role of RBMT systems is that they help fill the gap left in the translation process of s-p → p-t, in the sense that these parallels are included in the SMT model for s-t.
  <li>[http://www.wuliting.com/?action-viewcomment-itemid-1006 http://www.wuliting.com/?action-viewcomment-itemid-1006]</li>
 
 
==References==
  <li>[http://www.mattia.ca/cgi-bin/newsboard.cgi http://www.mattia.ca/cgi-bin/newsboard.cgi]</li>
<references/>
 
<ref>Hua Wu and Haifeng Wang. 2009. Revisiting Pivot Language Approach for Machine Translation. ACL-09.</ref>
  <li>[http://www.saeckingen-volley.de/cgi-bin/index.cgi http://www.saeckingen-volley.de/cgi-bin/index.cgi]</li>
<ref>Utiyama, M. & H. Isahara (2006) A comparison of pivot methods for phrase-based statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of NAACL/HLT, 484{491.</ref>
 
{{Reflist}}
</ul>
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pivot Language}}
[[Category:Translation]]
[[Category:Constructed languages]]
[[Category:Language]]

Latest revision as of 01:40, 18 May 2014

it should understand the point of law ...... Otherwise

'European police preparation, strike out the wound is diamond, the German production of Prosecco stun gun, the black market 時計 ケイトスペード is very popular.' Caoya Jie Tao, watching other people's eyes stare somewhat questioned him, he quickly explaining: 'I've seen on electronic gadgets just curious, this thing comparable power firearms, and most mainland police also unclear, thought it was a small homemade knockoff, so ban was not very strict. '

'Well, vision ...... that right there is the case then what do you think?' Xiaomeng Qi asked.

'People have this ケイトスペード リボン バッグ gun, there may Mafia background, and be able to turn away the money, it is not an ordinary thief earth, and look at their modus operandi, seeking money rather than lethal ...... ケイトスペード 財布 値段 it shows their quality not low. 'Caoya Jie Tao.

'higher quality on this ......?' Li Mei is not convinced.

'absolute high, robbery and murder is not a concept, it can be seen kate spade 財布 ゴールド that マザーズバッグ ケイトスペード they act at least somewhat afraid, since some fear, it should understand the point of law ...... Otherwise, direct wiping his neck good, what is dead both could not speak to the. 'Cao Asia 相关的主题文章:

pocket phone has been ringing at Zizi

Council also wasted effort of. 'Mouse Road.

'I think this question really is not, smart people will not dare to adventure and I now have a little experience, clever people trying to cheat, then use their ケイトスペード 財布 店舗 smart, so ケイトスペード バッグ 激安 they thought to want ケイトスペードの財布 hesitates, then got into his own cap where Tut ...... tease the old liar great sense of accomplishment, I feel a little bit like this. '

I sin ケイトスペードバッグセール himself, and he thought, this time, Bian liar definitely thinking Laotou, Pa prison, prison transfer that horrible word composed of stories that ケイトスペード財布評判 should be stimulated their imagination tossing it difficult to sleep ... .........
Bullet
Chapter 10 of Volume V of thinking so the head

pocket phone has been ringing at Zizi, Luojia Long looked at the mouse's phone, direct press out, do not pick up.

beside him Wang Shen repair has just pressed the phone, is Xiaomeng Qi, but also did not answer. Each press time, both with each other to give a look, eyes that tell each other: I can not pick ah.

rang the phone, they listened attentively 相关的主题文章:

the audience quiet

Police kinds of police uniforms consistent armbands different, and ケイトスペード バッグ 新作 white helmet, police whether or formal establishment of the Police Association, in front of the inspectors, I am afraid to take a 'long' word should be low one, saw the stiff , the audience quiet, バッグ ケイトスペード looked at each other with, afraid of an accident, I want to deliberately stir up trouble, like crime, people under the stern heart, in fact, as early as ハンドバッグ ケイトスペード I saw the little tricks kate spade 財布 ゴールド of the crime.

also deliberately stir up trouble, more than sin disdain with: 'arrogant enough ah, kate spade 財布 ゴールド you are the police it?'

'What?' two inspectors stunned, angry, and wondered that this person should not be detained immediately.

'Police Force Ordinance clearly states: in the performance of official duties, the need to produce documents ...... from my door, you will not walk away triumphantly, wrist those of us desperately frontline players, we have a brother has been lying in the hospital, all anxious not immediately identify the murderer, but someone can stopping, looking at us like prisoners like watching ......... I ask again, you fucking police it? not fake it? documents showed not. 'I sin overcast with a straight face , vagueness talking.

'right 相关的主题文章:

regardless of success or failure or not

Everyone welcome.

split pair of pull in applause, Xiaomeng Qi noticed. Four men are looked at him look like the lady's vision is a little jealousy envy hate, but this is nothing, she ケイトスペード バッグ 激安 has become accustomed to the focus in this male dominated group, along with presentation of the history of the Qing Huai, to everyone saluted, another ケイトスペードニューヨーク 財布 director, Xu He, a little fat, but ruddy, spiritual head quite enough to introduce him to speak on the way finished with:

'Corps ah I read the ケイトスペード ハンドバッグ first draft of this plan, very creative, but also very forward-looking, which for us is a new subject of criminal investigation, I have not come kate spade 長財布 to you in class, but come together to learn and explore, regardless of success or failure or not, we will provide ケイトスペード時計人気 useful experience for newcomers, so from that point, I hope that our sincere cooperation, early achievements, we say, there is faith? '

'have' short and to the practice of sound, accompanied by chest movements, so that Director Xu feel this team still quite promising.

'Come Shike Zhang.' Director Xu smiles 相关的主题文章:

Is a team of inmates into the column

Is a team of inmates into the column, in high spirits, high-spirited expression to report the number, then the leader took to factories, farms, in addition to the high walls of the sentry people think this is a special environment, other places do not feel strange. Especially when those prisoners go, and sang old songs ah sonorous: Let the workers have the power ......

stunned over sin and mouse interaction as one, marked brother whispered: '? YU children, ye think I live here compared to our old happy hard to force more'

'yes ah, now free to live on public housing can be little chance of ...... Look at this dormitory, certainly better than the tall city ケイトスペードニューヨーク 財布 real estate quality.' sin than a small channel.

warden heard two 財布 ケイトスペード men talking, and just smiled, ケイトスペード 財布 セール waved the guards 財布 kate spade shouted an arrangement with as people, this time to see who the kate spade マザーズバッグ protagonist from the uniforms of the team came out, from afar, is a stature, both said, looks clear Jue, closer and closer, when I sin and mouse letting surprised, and imagine different, originally thought of ten years prison with a look of persecution, can this person on the contrary, big eyebrows eye, 相关的主题文章: