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| The '''Kosterlitz–Thouless transition''', or '''Berezinsky–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition''', is a [[phase transition]] in the 2D [[XY model]]. It is a transition from bound vortex-antivortex pairs at low temperatures to unpaired vortices and anti-vortices at some critical temperature. The transition is named for [[Condensed matter physics|condensed matter]] physicists [[Vadim Berezinskii|Vadim L'vovich Berezinskiĭ]] (Вади́м Льво́вич Берези́нский), [[John M. Kosterlitz]] and [[David J. Thouless]]. BKT transitions can be found in several 2D systems in condensed matter physics that are approximated by the XY model, including Josephson Junction Arrays and thin disordered superconducting granular films. More recently, the term has been applied by the 2D superconductor insulator transition community to the pinning of Cooper pairs in the insulating regime, due to similarities with the original vortex BKT transition.
| | Hello! My name is Damien. <br>It is a little about myself: I live in Netherlands, my city of Den Haag. <br>It's called often Eastern or cultural capital of ZH. I've married 1 years ago.<br>I have 2 children - a son (Gina) and the daughter (Meredith). We all like Nordic skating.<br><br>Here is my page Fifa 15 Coin Generator ([http://www.Clubcaribbean.nl/?p=17 www.Clubcaribbean.nl]) |
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| ==XY Model==
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| The [[XY model]] is a 2-dimensional [[vector (geometric)|vector]] spin model that possesses [[U(1)]] or circular symmetry. This system is not expected to possess a normal [[phase transition|second-order phase transition]]. This is because the expected ordered phase of the system is destroyed by transverse fluctuations, i.e. the Goldstone modes (see [[Goldstone boson]]) associated with this broken [[continuous symmetry]], which logarithmically diverge with system size.
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| This is a specific case of what is called the [[Mermin–Wagner theorem]] in spin systems.
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| Rigorously the transition is not completely understood, but the existence of two phases was proved by {{harvtxt|McBryan|Spencer|1977}} and {{harvtxt|Fröhlich|Spencer|1981}}.
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| ==KT Transition: disordered phases with different correlations ==
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| In the XY model in two dimensions, a second-order phase transition is not seen. However, one finds a low-temperature quasi-ordered phase with a [[correlation function]] (see [[statistical mechanics]]) that decreases with the distance like a power, which depends on the temperature. The transition from the high-temperature disordered phase with the exponential correlation to this low-temperature quasi-ordered phase is a Kosterlitz–Thouless transition.
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| It is a [[phase transition]] of infinite order.
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| ==Role of vortices==
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| In the 2D XY model, [[quantum vortex|vortices]] are topologically stable configurations. It is found that the high-temperature disordered phase with exponential correlation is a result of the formation of vortices. Vortex generation becomes thermodynamically favorable at the critical temperature <math> T_c</math> of the KT transition. At temperatures below this, Vortex generation has a power law correlation.
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| Many systems with KT transitions involve the dissociation of bound anti-parallel vortex pairs, called vortex–antivortex pairs, into unbound vortices rather than vortex generation.<ref>Resnick et al,''Phys. Rev Lett.'' '''47,''' 1542 (1981).</ref><ref>Z. Hadzibabic et al.: "Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless crossover in a trapped atomic gas", [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04851 Nature '''441''', 1118 (2006)]</ref> In these systems, thermal generation of vortices produces an even number vortices of opposite sign. Bound vortex–antivortex pairs have lower energies than free vortices, but have lower entropy as well. In order to minimize free energy, <math>F=E-TS</math>, the system undergoes a transition at a critical temperature, <math> T_c</math>. Below <math> T_c</math>, there are only bound vortex–antivortex pairs. Above Tc, there are free vortices.
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| ==Informal description==
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| There is a very elegant thermodynamic argument for the KT transition. The energy of a single vortex is of the form <math>\kappa\ln(R/a)</math>, where <math>\kappa</math> is a parameter depending upon the system the vortex is in, <math>R</math> is the system size, and <math>a</math>
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| is the radius of the vortex core. We assume <math>R\gg a</math>. The number of possible positions of any vortex in the system is approximately <math>(R/a)^2</math>. From [[Boltzmann]]'s law, the [[entropy]] is <math>S=2k_B\ln(R/a)</math>, where <math>k_B</math> is [[Boltzmann's constant]]. Thus, the [[Helmholtz free energy]] is
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| :<math>F = E - TS = (\kappa - 2k_BT)\ln(R/a).</math>
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| When <math>F>0</math>, the system will not have a vortex. However when <math>F<0</math>, the conditions are sufficient for a vortex to be in the system. We define the transition temperature for <math>F=0</math>. Thus, the critical temperature <math>T_c</math> is
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| :<math>T_c = \frac{\kappa}{2k_B}.</math>
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| Vortices are able to form above this critical temperature, but not below. The KT transition can be observed experimentally in systems like 2D Josephson junction arrays by taking current and voltage (I-V) measurements. Above <math>T_c</math>, the relation will be linear <math>V \sim I</math>. Just below <math>T_c</math>, the relation will be <math>V \sim I^3</math>, as the number of free vortices will go as <math>I^2</math>. This jump from linear dependence is indicative of a KT transition and may be used to determine <math>T_c</math>. This approach was used in Resnick et al.<ref>Resnick et al,''Phys. Rev Lett.'' '''47,''' 1542 (1981).</ref> to confirm the KT transition in proximity-coupled [[Josephson junction]] arrays.
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| == Rigorous analysis ==
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| We have a field φ over the plane which takes on values in S<sup>1</sup>. For convenience, we work with its universal cover '''R''' instead but identify any two values of φ(x) which differs by an integer multiple of 2π.
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| The energy is given by
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| :<math> E = \int \frac{1}{2} \nabla\phi\cdot\nabla\phi d^2 x</math>
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| and the [[Boltzmann factor]] is exp(−''βE'').
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| If we take the contour integral <math>\oint_\gamma d\phi</math> over any closed path γ, we would expect it to be zero if γ is contractible, which is what we would expect for a planar curve. But here is the catch. Assume the XY theory has a UV cutoff which requires some UV completion. Then, we can have punctures in the plane, holes so to speak so that if γ is a closed path which winds once around the puncture, <math>\oint_\gamma d\phi</math> is only an integer multiple of 2π. These punctures are called vortices and if γ is a closed path which only winds once counterclockwise around the puncture and its winding number about any other puncture is zero, then the integer multiplicity can be attached to the vortex itself. Let's say a field configuration has n punctures at ''x''<sub>''i''</sub>, ''i'' = 1, ..., ''n'' with multiplicities ''n''<sub>''i''</sub>. Then, φ decomposes into the sum of a field configuration with no punctures, φ<sub>0</sub> and <math>\sum_{i=1}^n n_i\arg(z-z_i)</math> where we have switched to the complex plane coordinates for convenience. The latter term has branch cuts, but because φ is only defined modulo 2π they are unphysical.
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| Now,
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| :<math>E = \int \frac{1}{2} \nabla\phi_0\cdot\nabla\phi_0 d^2 x + \int \frac{1}{2} \nabla \sum_{i=1}^n n_i \arg(z-z_i)\cdot\nabla\sum_{j=1}^n n_j \arg(z-z_j) d^2 x</math>
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| Unless <math>\sum_{i=1}^n n_i=0</math> the second term is positive infinite, so configurations with unbalanced numbers of vortices of each orientation zero are never observed.
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| When <math>\sum_{i=1}^n n_i=0</math>, the second term is equal to <math>\sum_{1\leq i < j \leq n} -2\pi n_i n_j \ln(|x_j-x_i|/L)</math>.
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| This is exactly the energy function for a [[Coulomb gas]]; the scale ''L'' contributes nothing but a constant.
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| Let's look at the case with only one vortex of multiplicity one and one vortex of multiplicity -1. At low temperatures, i.e. large β, because of the Boltzmann factor, the vortex–antivortex pair tends to be extremely close to one another. In fact, their separation would be around the cutoff scale. With more vortex–antivortex pairs, we have a collection of vortex-antivortex dipoles. At large temperatures, i.e. small β, the probability distribution swings the other way around and we have a plasma of vortices and antivortices. The phase transition between the two is the Kosterlitz–Thouless phase transition.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Goldstone boson]]
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| *[[Ising model]]
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| *[[Lambda transition]]
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| *[[Potts model]]
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| *[[Quantum vortex]]
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| *[[Superfluid film]]
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| *[[Topological defect]]
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| ==Notes==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| == References ==
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| *{{citation | first1=D.J.|last1=Resnick|first2=J.C.| last2=Garland |first3=J.T.| last3=Boyd|first4=S.| last4=Shoemaker|first5=R.S.|last5=Newrock|title=Kosterlitz Thouless Transition in Proximity Coupled Superconducting Arrays|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|volume=47|page=1542|year=1981}}
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| *{{citation|first1=Jürg|last1=Fröhlich|first2=Thomas|last2=Spencer|title=The Kosterlitz–Thouless transition in two-dimensional abelian spin systems and the Coulomb gas|journal=Comm. Math. Phys.|volume=81|year=1981|issue=4|pages=527–602}}
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| *{{citation|first=В. Л.|last=Березинский|title=Разрушение дальнего порядка в одномерных и двумерных системах с непрерывной группой симметрии I. Классические системы|journal=ЖЭТФ|volume=59|issue=3|year=1970|pages=907–920|language=ru}}. Translation available: {{citation|first=V. L.|last=Berezinskii|title=Destruction of long-range order in one-dimensional and two-dimensional systems having a continuous symmetry group I. Classical systems|journal=Sov. Phys. JETP|volume=32|issue=3|pages=493–500|year=1971|url=http://www.jetp.ac.ru/cgi-bin/dn/e_032_03_0493.pdf|format=pdf}}
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| *{{citation|first=В. Л.|last=Березинский||title=Разрушение дальнего порядка в одномерных и двумерных системах с непрерывной группой симметрии II. Квантовые системы|journal=ЖЭТФ|volume=61|issue=3|year=1971|page=1144–1156|language=ru}}. Translation available: {{citation|first=V. L.|last=Berezinskii|title=Destruction of long-range order in one-dimensional and two-dimensional systems having a continuous symmetry group II. Quantum systems|journal=Sov. Phys. JETP|volume=34|issue=3|pages=610–616|year=1972|url=http://www.jetp.ac.ru/cgi-bin/dn/e_034_03_0610.pdf|format=pdf}}
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| *{{citation|first1=J. M.|last1=Kosterlitz|first2=D. J.|last2=Thouless|title=Ordering, metastability and phase transitions in two-dimensional systems|journal=Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics|volume=6|pages=1181–1203|year=1973|doi=10.1088/0022-3719/6/7/010|bibcode = 1973JPhC....6.1181K }}
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| *{{citation|first1=O.|last1=McBryan|first2=T.|last2=Spencer|journal=Commun. Math. Phys.|volume=53|page=299|year=1977|bibcode = 1977CMaPh..53..299M |doi = 10.1007/BF01609854 }}
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| *{{citation|author= Z. Hadzibabic et al.|title=Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless crossover in a trapped atomic gas|journal=Nature|volume=41|page=1118|year=2006|doi=10.1038/nature04851|arxiv = cond-mat/0605291 |bibcode = 2006Natur.441.1118H }}
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| == Books ==
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| * [[Hagen Kleinert|H. Kleinert]], ''Gauge Fields in Condensed Matter'', Vol. I, " SUPERFLOW AND VORTEX LINES", pp. 1–742, [http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/0356.htm World Scientific (Singapore, 1989)]; Paperback ISBN 9971-5-0210-0 '' (also available online: [http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleiner_reb1/contents1.html Vol. I]. Read pp. 618–688);
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| * [[Hagen Kleinert|H. Kleinert]], ''Multivalued Fields in Condensed Matter, Electrodynamics, and Gravitation'', [http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/6742.html World Scientific (Singapore, 2008)] (also available online: [http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/re.html#B9 here])
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Kosterlitz-Thouless Transition}}
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| [[Category:Theoretical physics]]
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| [[Category:Statistical mechanics]]
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| [[Category:Lattice models]]
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Hello! My name is Damien.
It is a little about myself: I live in Netherlands, my city of Den Haag.
It's called often Eastern or cultural capital of ZH. I've married 1 years ago.
I have 2 children - a son (Gina) and the daughter (Meredith). We all like Nordic skating.
Here is my page Fifa 15 Coin Generator (www.Clubcaribbean.nl)