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| {{New Testament manuscript infobox
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| | form = Papyrus
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| | number = '''46'''
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| | image = P46.jpg
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| | isize = 220
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| | caption = A folio from <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup> containing 2 Corinthians 11:33-12:9. As with other folios of the manuscript, text is [[Lacuna (manuscripts)|lacunose]] at the bottom.
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| | name = P. Chester Beatty II; Ann Arbor, Univ. of Michigan, Inv. 6238
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| | sign = <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>
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| | text = Pauline epistles
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| | script = [[Greek language|Greek]]
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| | date = c. 175-225
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| | found =
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| | now at = [[Dublin]], [[University of Michigan]]
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| | cite = Sanders, ''A Third Century Papyrus Codex of the Epistles of Paul''
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| | size = {{×|28|16}}
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| | type = [[Alexandrian text-type]]
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| | cat = I
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| | hand =
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| | note = Affinity with [[Minuscule 1739]]
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| }}
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| '''Papyrus 46''' (in the [[Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland|Gregory-Aland]] numbering), designated by [[siglum]] <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>, is one of the oldest [[Extant literature|extant]] [[New Testament]] [[manuscript]]s in [[Greek language|Greek]], written on [[papyrus]], with its 'most probable date' between 175-225.<ref name="Griffin">Griffin, Bruce W. (1996), [http://www.biblical-data.org/P-46%20Oct%201997.pdf "The Paleographical Dating of P-46"]</ref> Some [[Leaf (books)|leaves]] are part of the [[Chester Beatty Papyri|Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri]], and others are in the [[University of Michigan Papyrus Collection]].<ref name = Aland>{{Cite book
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| |last=Aland
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| |first=Kurt
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| |authorlink=Kurt Aland
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| |coauthors=[[Barbara Aland]]; Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.)
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| |title=The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism
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| |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]
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| |year=1995
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| |location=Grand Rapids
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| |page=98
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| |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2pYDsAhUOxAC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| |isbn=978-0-8028-4098-1}}</ref>
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| ==Contents==
| | They contact the writer Emmanuel Madruga but it's not the most masucline title out there. Delaware is where my home is and my parents reside nearby. For many years I've been operating as an information officer and I'll be promoted quickly. Playing mah jongg is the pastime I will by no means stop [http://Www.dict.cc/englisch-deutsch/performing.html performing]. His wife and he preserve a web site. You might want to verify it out: http://sousaesantosadvocacia.com.br/index.php?title=Knowing_These_Five_Secrets_Will_Make_Your_Nya_Internet_Casinon_P%C3%A5_N%C3%A4tet_Look_[http://amazing.org/ Amazing]<br><br>my page :: [http://sousaesantosadvocacia.com.br/index.php?title=Knowing_These_Five_Secrets_Will_Make_Your_Nya_Internet_Casinon_P%C3%A5_N%C3%A4tet_Look_Amazing nya online svenska casino] |
| <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup> contains most of the [[Pauline epistles]], though with some folios missing. It contains (in order) "the last eight chapters of [[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]]; all of [[Epistle to the Hebrews|Hebrews]]; virtually all of [[Epistles to the Corinthians|1–2 Corinthians]]; all of [[Epistle to the Ephesians|Ephesians]], [[Epistle to the Galatians|Galatians]], [[Epistle to the Philippians|Philippians]], [[Epistle to the Colossians|Colossians]]; and two chapters of [[First Epistle to the Thessalonians|1 Thessalonians]]. All of the leaves have lost some lines at the bottom through [[Wear|deterioration]]."<ref>Michael Marlowe, [http://www.bible-researcher.com/papy46.html ''Papyrus 46'']</ref>
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| {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
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| ! Folio
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| ! Contents
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| ! Location
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| |-
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| | 1-7
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| | Romans 1:1-5:17
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| | Missing
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| |-
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| | 8
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| | Rom 5:17-6:14
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| | CB
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| |-
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| | 9-10
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| | Rom 6:14-8:15
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| | Missing
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| |-
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| | 11-15
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| | Rom 8:15-11:35
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| | CB
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| |-
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| | 16-17
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| | Rom 11:35-14:8
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| | Mich.
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| |-
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| | 18 (fragment)
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| | Rom 14:9-15:11
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| | CB
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| |-
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| | 19-28
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| | Rom 15:11-Hebrews 8:8
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| | Mich.
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| |-
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| | 29
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| | Heb 8:9-9:10
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| | CB
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| |-
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| | 30
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| | Heb 9:10-26
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| | Mich.
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| |-
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| | 31-39
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| | Heb 9:26-1 Corinthians 2:3
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| | CB
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| |-
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| | 40
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| | 1 Cor 2:3-3:5
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| | Mich.
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| |-
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| | 41-69
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| | 1 Cor 3:6-2 Corinthians 9:7
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| | CB
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| |-
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| | 70-85
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| | 2 Cor 9:7-end, Ephesians, Galatians 1:1-6:10
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| | Mich.
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| |-
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| | 86-94
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| | Gal 6:10-end, Philippians, Colossians, 1 Thessalonians 1:1-2:3
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| | CB
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| |-
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| | 95-96
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| | 1 Thess 2:3-5:5
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| | Missing
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| |-
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| | 97 (fragment)
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| | 1 Thess 5:5, 23-28
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| | CB
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| |-
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| | 98-104
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| | Thought to be 1 Thess 5:28-2 Thessalonians, and possibly Philemon; 1- 2 Timothy, and Titus were probably not included (see below)
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| | Missing
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| |}
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| ===Dimensions===
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| [[Recto and verso|Folio]] size is approximately 28x16 cm with a single column of text averaging 11.5 cm. There are between 26 and 32 lines (rows) of text per page, although both the width of the rows and the number of rows per page increase progressively. Rows of text at the bottom of each page are damaged (lacunose), with between 1-2 lines lacunose in the first quarter of the MS, 2-3 lines lacunose in the central half, and up to seven lines lacunose in the final quarter.
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| ===Missing contents===
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| From the page numbers on existing pages, we know that seven leaves have been lost from the beginning of the codex, which accords perfectly with the length of the missing portion of ''Romans'', which they undoubtedly contained. Since the codex is formed from a stack of papyrus sheets folded in the middle, magazine-style, what is lost is the outer seven sheets, containing the first and last seven leaves of the codex.
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| The contents of the seven missing leaves from the end is uncertain. There would be enough space for [[Second Epistle to the Thessalonians|2 Thessalonians]] and possibly [[Epistle to Philemon|Philemon]], but not for the [[Pastoral epistles]]. [[Frederic G. Kenyon|Kenyon]] calculates<ref>F. G. Kenyon, ''The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri. III.1 Pauline Epistles and Revelation. Text'', London: E. Walker, 1934</ref> that 2 Thessalonians would require two leaves, leaving only five remaining leaves (10 pages) for the remaining [[Biblical canon|canonical]] [[Paul of Tarsus|Pauline]] literature — [[First Epistle to Timothy|1 Timothy]] (estimated 8.25 pages), [[Second Epistle to Timothy|2 Timothy]] (6 pages), [[Epistle to Titus|Titus]] (3.5 pages) and Philemon (1.5 pages) — totaling ten required leaves (19.25 pages).
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| Recently, Alessandra Peri<ref>[http://www.academia.edu/1543114/Il_codice_piu_antico_delle_Epistole_paoline_unipotesi A. Peri, "Il codice più antico delle Epistole paoline: un’ipotesi"] in ''Sit liber gratus quem servulus est operatus. Studi in onore di Alessandro Pratesi per il suo 90 compleanno'',
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| Scuola Vaticana di Paleografia, Diplomatica e Archivistica, Città del Vaticano 2012, pp. 9-20</ref> has proposed that the final folios could contain the first three chapter of ''Apocalypse''.
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| ===Interpunction===
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| Throughout Romans, Hebrews and the latter chapters of 1 Corinthians are found small and thick strokes or dots, usually agreed to be from the hand of a reader rather than the producer of the manuscript since the ink is always much paler than that of the text itself.<ref>H. A. Sanders, ''A Third Century Papyrus Codex of the Epistles of Paul'', (Ann Arbor, 1935), <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>17</sup></ref> They appear to mark sense divisions (similar to [[Versification (Bible)|verse numbering]] found in [[Bible]]s) and are also found in portions of [[Papyrus 45|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>45</sup>]], possibly evidence of reading in the community which held both codices.
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| ===Nomina Sacra===
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| <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup> uses an extensive and well-developed system of [[nomina sacra]].<ref name="Griffin"/> Griffin argued against Kim, in part, that such an extensive usage of the nomina sacra system nearly eliminates any possibility of the manuscript dating to the 1st century. He admitted, however, that Kim's dating cannot be ruled out on this basis alone, since the exact provenance of the nomina sacra system itself is not well-established.<ref name="Griffin"/>
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| == Text ==
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| The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the [[Alexandrian text-type]]. [[Kurt Aland]] placed it in [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts#Category I|Category I]].<ref name = Aland/>
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| In Romans 16:15 it has singular reading Βηρεα και Αουλιαν for Ιουλιαν, Νηρεα.<ref>UBS3, p. 575.</ref>
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| In 1 Corinthians 2:1 it reads μυστηριον along with [[Codex Sinaiticus|א]], [[Codex Alexandrinus|Α]], [[codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]], [[Minuscule 88|88]], [[Minuscule 436|436]], it<sup>a,r</sup>, syr<sup>p</sup>, cop<sup>bo</sup>. Other manuscripts read μαρτυριον or σωτηριον.<ref name="UBS3, p. 581">UBS3, p. 581.</ref>
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| In 1 Corinthians 2:4 it reads πειθοις σοφιας (''plausible wisdom'') for πειθοις σοφιας λογοις (''plausible words of wisdom''), the reading is supported only by [[Codex Boernerianus]] (Greek text).<ref name="UBS3, p. 581"/>
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| In 1 Corinthians 7:5 it reads τη προσευχη (''prayer'') along with [[Papyrus 11|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>11</sup>]], א*, A, [[Codex Vaticanus|B]], C, D, F, G, P, Ψ, [[Minuscule 6|6]], 33, [[Minuscule 81|81]], [[Minuscule 104|104]], [[Minuscule 181|181]], 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth. Other manuscripts read τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (''fasting and prayer'') τη προσευχη και νηστεια (''prayer and fasting'').<ref>NA26, p. 450.</ref><ref>UBS3, p. 591.</ref>
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| In 1 Corinthians 12:9 it reads εν τω πνευματι for εν τω ενι πνευματι.<ref>UBS3, p. 605.</ref>
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| In 1 Corinthians 15:47 it has singular reading reads δευτερος ανθρωπος πνευματικος for δευτερος ανθρωπος (א*, B, C, D, F, G, [[Uncial 0243|0243]], 33, 1739, it, vg, cop<sup>bo</sup> eth); or δευτερος ανθρωπος ο κυριος (א<sup>c</sup>, A, D<sup>c</sup>, K, P, Ψ, 81, 104, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 1241, 1739<sup>mg</sup>, 1877, 1881, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect).<ref>UBS3, p. 616.</ref>
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| In 2 Corinthians 1:10 it reads τηλικουτων θανατων, along with 630, 1739<sup>c</sup>, it<sup>d,e</sup>, syr<sup>p,h</sup>, goth; majority reads τηλικουτου θανατου.<ref>UBS3, p. 622.</ref>
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| Galatians 6:2 — αναπληρωσατε ] αποπληρωσετε<ref>UBS3, p. 661.</ref>
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| Ephesians 4:16 — κατ ενεργειας ] και ενεργειας.<ref>NA26, p. 509.</ref>
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| Ephesians 6:12 — αρχας προς τας εξουσιας ] μεθοδιας<ref>NA26, p. 513.</ref>
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| ==Provenance==
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| The [[provenance]] of the papyrus is unknown, although it was probably originally discovered in the [[ruins]] of an early [[Christian church]] or [[monastery]].<ref>F. G. Kenyon, ''The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri: I. General Introduction'', (London: E. Walker), 1933, <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>5</sup></ref><ref>C.H. Roberts, ''Manuscript, Society and Belief in Early Christian Egypt'', p. 7</ref> Following the discovery in [[Cairo]], the manuscript was broken up by the [[Merchant|dealer]]. Ten leaves were purchased by [[Alfred Chester Beatty|Chester Beatty]] in 1930; the [[University of Michigan]] acquired six in 1931 and 24 in 1933. Beatty purchased 46 more in 1935, and his acquisitions now form part of the [[Chester Beatty Papyri|Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri]], eleven codices of biblical material.
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| ==Date==
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| As with all manuscripts dated solely by [[palaeography]], the dating of <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup> is uncertain. The first editor of parts of the papyrus, H. A. Sanders, proposed a date possibly as late as the second half of the 3rd century.<ref>H. A. Sanders, A Third-Century Papyrus Codex of the Epistles of Paul (Ann Arbor, 1935), pp. 13-15.</ref> F. G. Kenyon, editor of the complete [[editio princeps]], preferred a date in the first half of the 3rd century.<ref>F. G. Kenyon, The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, part 3 (London, 1936), xiv-xv.</ref> The manuscript is now sometimes dated to about 200.<ref>Willker, Wieland [http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/texte/Papyri-list.html "Complete List of Greek NT Papyri"] Last Update: 17.04.2008. Retrieved 26/08/08.</ref> Young Kyu Kim has argued for an exceptionally early date of c. 80.<ref>Kim, YK (1988), [http://www.friktech.com/rel/p46.htm "Palaeographical Dating of P46 to the Later First Century,"] ''Biblica'', 69, p. 248</ref> Griffin critiqued and disputed Kim's dating,<ref name="Griffin"/> placing the 'most probable date' between 175-225, with a '95% confidence interval' for a date between 150-250.<ref>See email from Griffin added in 2005 to Griffin's 1996 paper.</ref>
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| Comfort and Barrett<ref>Comfort, Philip W. and Barrett, David P (2001) 'The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts', Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers Incorporated, pp. 204-206.</ref> have claimed that <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup> shares affinities with the following:
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| * P. Oxy. 8 (assigned late 1st or early 2nd century),
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| * P. Oxy. 841 (the second hand, which cannot be dated later than 125–150),
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| * P. Oxy. 1622 (dated with confidence to pre-148, probably during the reign of [[Hadrian]] (117–138), because of the documentary text on the verso),
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| * P. Oxy. 2337 (assigned to the late 1st century),
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| * P. Oxy. 3721 (assigned to the second half of the 2nd century),
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| * P. Rylands III 550 (assigned to the 2nd century), and
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| * P. Berol. 9810 (early 2nd century).
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| This, they conclude, points to a date during the middle of the 2nd century for <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[List of New Testament papyri]]
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| *[[Papyrus#Collections of papyri|Collections of papyri]]
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| *[[Chester Beatty Papyri]]
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| *[[University of Michigan Papyrus Collection]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| == Further reading ==
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| * {{Cite book
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| | last = Comfort
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| | first = Philip W.
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| | authorlink = Philip Comfort
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| | coauthors = David P. Barrett
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| | title = The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts
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| | publisher = Tyndale House Publishers
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| | year = 2001
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| | location = Wheaton, Illinois
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| | pages = 203–354
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| | url =
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| | isbn = 978-0-8423-5265-9}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.cbl.ie/Collections/The-Western-Collection/Papyri/Biblical.aspx Official WWW of Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, concerning P46]
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| * Robert B. Waltz. [http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/ManuscriptsPapyri.html#P46 'NT Manuscripts: Papyri, Papyri <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>.']
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| * [http://wwwapp.cc.columbia.edu/ldpd/apis/search?mode=search&invnum_coll=michigan&invnum_num=6238&sort=date&resPerPage=25&action=search&p=1 Leaves of <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup> at the University of Michigan (with images in TIFF)]
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| * [http://www.lib.umich.edu/reading/Paul/index.html Reading the Papyri: <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>] from the University of Michigan Papyrus Collection
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| * [http://chrles.multiply.com/photos/album/82/Bible_Papyrus_p46 Transcription and 172 images of <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>]
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| * [http://evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.com/2006/01/images-of-p46-michigan-portions.html At Evangelical Textual Criticism]
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| * Klaus Wachtel, Klaus Witte, [http://books.google.pl/books?id=gEzctvICPS0C&pg=RA1-PA1&lpg=RA1-PA1&dq= ''Das Neue Testament auf Papyrus: Gal., Eph., Phil., Kol., 1. u. 2. Thess., 1. u. 2 Tim., Tit., Phlm., Hebr''], Walter de Gruyter, 1994, pp. L-LII.
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| * {{Cite web|url=http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=10046|title= Liste Handschriften|publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research|accessdate=26 August 2011|location=Münster}}
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| * [https://sites.google.com/site/inglisonmarcion/Home/paul/what-did-p46-originally-contain Tricky NT Textual Issues: Codex P46]
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Papyrus 0046}}
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| [[Category:New Testament papyri]]
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| [[Category:3rd-century biblical manuscripts]]
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| [[Category:Early Greek manuscripts of the New Testament]]
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| [[Category:Manuscripts in the Chester Beatty Library]]
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