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| In [[algebraic topology]], a branch of [[mathematics]], a '''spectrum''' is an object representing a [[Cohomology#Generalized cohomology theories|generalized cohomology theory]]. There are several different constructions of categories of spectra, any of which gives a context for the same [[stable homotopy theory]].
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| ==The definition of a spectrum==
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| There are many variations of the definition: in general, a "spectrum" is any sequence <math>X_n</math> of pointed topological spaces or pointed simplicial sets together with the structure maps <math>S^1 \wedge X_n \to X_{n+1}</math>.
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| The treatment here is due to Adams (1974): a spectrum (a CW-spectrum) is a sequence <math>E:= \{E_n\}_{n\in \mathbb{N}} </math> of [[CW-complex]]es together with inclusions <math> \Sigma E_n \to E_{n+1} </math> of the [[suspension (topology)|suspension]] <math> \Sigma E_n </math> as a subcomplex of <math> E_{n+1} </math>.
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| For other definitions, see [[symmetric spectrum]] and [[simplicial spectrum]].
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| == Examples ==
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| Consider [[singular cohomology]] <math> H^n(X;A) </math> with coefficients in an [[abelian group]] A. By [[Brown representability]] <math> H^n(X;A) </math> is the set of homotopy classes of maps from X to K(A,n), the [[Eilenberg-MacLane space]] with homotopy concentrated in degree n. Then the corresponding spectrum HA has n'th space K(A,n); it is called the ''Eilenberg–MacLane spectrum''.
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| As a second important example, consider [[topological K-theory]]. At least for X compact, <math> K^0(X) </math> is defined to be the [[Grothendieck group]] of the [[monoid]] of complex [[vector bundles]] on X. Also, <math> K^1(X) </math> is the group corresponding to vector bundles on the suspension of X. Topological K-theory is a generalized cohomology theory, so it gives a spectrum. The zero'th space is <math> \mathbb{Z} \times BU </math> while the first space is <math>U</math>. Here <math>U</math> is the infinite [[unitary group]] and <math>BU</math> is its [[classifying space]]. By [[Bott periodicity]] we get <math> K^{2n}(X) \cong K^0(X) </math> and <math> K^{2n+1}(X) \cong K^1(X) </math> for all ''n'', so all the spaces in the topological K-theory spectrum are given by either <math> \mathbb{Z} \times BU </math> or <math>U</math>. There is a corresponding construction using real vector bundles instead of complex vector bundles, which gives an 8-periodic spectrum.
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| For many more examples, see the [[list of cohomology theories]].
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| *A spectrum may be constructed out of a space. The '''suspension spectrum''' of a space ''X'' is a spectrum <math>X_n = S^n \wedge X</math> (the structure maps are the identity.) For example, the suspension spectrum of a [[0-sphere]] is called the [[sphere spectrum]] and is denoted by <math>\mathbb{S}</math>.
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| *An '''Ω-spectrum''' is a spectrum such that the adjoint of the structure map; that is, <math>X_n \to \Omega X_{n+1}</math> is a weak equivalence. The [[K-theory spectrum]] of a ring is an example of an Ω-spectrum.
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| *A [[ring spectrum]] is a spectrum ''X'' such that the diagrams that describe [[ring axioms]] in terms of smash products commute "up to homotopy" (<math>S^0 \to X</math> corresponds to the identity.) For example, the spectrum of a topological ''K''-theory is a ring spectrum. A '''module spectrum''' may be defined analogously.
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| == Invariants ==
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| *The homotopy group of a spectrum <math>X_n</math> is given by <math>\pi_k(X) = \operatorname{colim}_{n} \pi_{n+k}(X_n)</math>. Thus, for example, <math>\pi_k(\mathbb{S})</math>, <math>\mathbb{S}</math> sphere spectrum, is the ''k''-th [[stable homotopy group]] of a sphere. A spectrum is said to be [[Connective spectrum|connective]] if its <math>\pi_k</math> are zero for negative ''k''.
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| ==Functions, maps, and homotopies of spectra==
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| There are three natural categories whose objects are spectra, whose morphisms are the functions, or maps, or homotopy classes defined below.
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| A '''function''' between two spectra ''E'' and ''F'' is a sequence of maps from ''E''<sub>''n''</sub> to ''F''<sub>''n''</sub> that commute with the
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| maps Σ''E''<sub>''n''</sub> → ''E''<sub>''n''+1</sub> and Σ''F''<sub>''n''</sub> → ''F''<sub>''n''+1</sub>.
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| Given a spectrum <math>E_n</math>, a subspectrum <math>F_n</math> is a sequence of subcomplexes that is also a spectrum. As each ''i''-cell in <math>E_j</math> suspends to an (''i'' + 1)-cell in <math>E_{j+1}</math>, a cofinal subspectrum is a subspectrum for which each cell of the parent spectrum is eventually contained in the subspectrum after a finite number of suspensions. Spectra can then be turned into a category by defining a '''map''' of spectra <math>f: E \to F</math> to be a function from a cofinal subspectrum <math>G</math> of <math>E</math> to <math>F</math>, where two such functions represent the same map if they coincide on some cofinal subspectrum. Intuitively such a map of spectra does not need to be everywhere defined, just ''eventually'' become defined, and two maps that coincide on a cofinal subspectrum are said to be equivalent.
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| This gives the '''category of spectra''' (and maps), which is a major tool. There is a natural embedding of the category of pointed CW complexes into this category: it takes <math> Y </math> to the ''suspension spectrum'' in which the ''n''th complex is <math> \Sigma^n Y </math>.
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| The [[smash product]] of a spectrum <math>E</math> and a pointed complex <math>X</math> is a spectrum given by <math>(E \wedge X)_n = E_n \wedge X</math> (associativity of the smash product yields immediately that this is indeed a spectrum). A homotopy of maps between spectra corresponds to a map <math>(E \wedge I^+) \to F</math>, where <math>I^+</math> is the disjoint union <math>[0, 1] \sqcup \{*\}</math> with * taken to be the basepoint.
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| The '''stable homotopy category''', or '''homotopy category of (CW) spectra''' is defined to be the category whose objects are spectra and whose morphisms are homotopy classes of maps between spectra. Many other definitions of spectrum, some appearing very different, lead to equivalent stable homotopy categories.
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| Finally, we can define the suspension of a spectrum by <math>(\Sigma E)_n = E_{n+1}</math>. This '''translation suspension''' is invertible, as we can desuspend too, by setting <math>(\Sigma^{-1}E)_n = E_{n-1}</math>.
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| ==The triangulated homotopy category of spectra==
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| The stable homotopy category is additive: maps can be added by using a variant of the track addition used to define homotopy groups. Thus homotopy classes from one spectrum to another form an abelian group. Furthermore the stable homotopy category is [[triangulated category| triangulated]] (Vogt (1970)), the shift being given by suspension and the distinguished triangles by the [[mapping cone]] sequences of spectra
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| :<math>X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Y\cup CX \rightarrow (Y\cup CX)\cup CY \cong \Sigma X</math>.
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| ==Smash products of spectra==
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| The [[smash product]] of spectra extends the smash product of CW complexes. It makes the stable homotopy category into a [[monoidal category]]; in other words it behaves like the tensor product of abelian groups. A major problem with the smash product is that obvious ways of defining it make it associative and commutative only up to homotopy. Some more recent definitions of spectra, such as [[symmetric spectrum|symmetric spectra]], eliminate this problem, and give a symmetric monoidal structure at the level of maps, before passing to homotopy classes.
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| The smash product is compatible with the triangulated category structure. In particular the smash product of a distinguished triangle with a spectrum is a distinguished triangle.
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| ==Generalized homology and cohomology of spectra==
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| We can define the [[stable homotopy group|(stable) homotopy groups]] of a spectrum to be those given by
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| :<math>\displaystyle \pi_n E = [\Sigma^n S, E]</math>,
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| where <math>S</math> is the [[sphere spectrum|spectrum of spheres]] and <math>[X, Y]</math> is the set of homotopy classes of maps from <math>X</math> to <math>Y</math>.
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| We define the generalized homology theory of a spectrum ''E'' by
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| :<math>E_n X = \pi_n (E \wedge X) = [\Sigma^n S, E \wedge X]</math>
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| and define its generalized cohomology theory by
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| :<math>\displaystyle E^n X = [\Sigma^{-n} X, E].</math>
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| Here <math>X</math> can be a spectrum or a (by using its suspension spectrum) a space.
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| ==History==
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| A version of the concept of a spectrum was introduced in the 1958 doctoral dissertation of Elon Lages Lima. His advisor [[Edwin Spanier]] wrote further on the subject in 1959. Spectra were adopted by [[Michael Atiyah]] and [[George W. Whitehead]] in their work on generalized homology theories in the early 1960s. The 1964 doctoral thesis of [[Michael Boardman|J. Michael Boardman]] gave a workable definition of a category of spectra and of maps (not just homotopy classes) between them, as useful in stable homotopy theory as the category of [[CW complex]]es is in the unstable case. (This is essentially the category described above, and it is still used for many purposes: for other accounts, see [[Frank Adams|Adams]] (1974) or [[Rainer Vogt|Vogt]] (1970).) Important further theoretical advances have however been made since 1990, improving vastly the formal properties of spectra. Consequently, much recent literature uses [[E-infinity ring spectrum|modified definitions of spectrum]]: see Mandell ''et al.'' (2001) for a unified treatment of these new approaches.
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| == See also ==
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| *[[Ring spectrum]]
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| *[[Symmetric spectrum]]
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| == References ==
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| * Adams, J. F.(1974), "Stable homotopy and generalised homology". University of Chicago Press
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| * [[Michael Atiyah|Atiyah, M. F.]](1961), "Bordism and cobordism", ''Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc.'' '''57''': 200–208
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| *{{Citation | last1=Elmendorf | first1=A. D. | last2=Kříž | first2=I. | last3=Mandell | first3=M. A. | last4=May | first4=J. Peter | author4-link=J. Peter May | editor1-last=James. | editor1-first=I. M. | title=Handbook of algebraic topology | url=http://www.math.uchicago.edu/~may/PAPERS/Newfirst.pdf | publisher=North-Holland | location=Amsterdam | isbn=978-0-444-81779-2 | doi=10.1016/B978-044481779-2/50007-9 | mr=1361891 | year=1995 | chapter=Modern foundations for stable homotopy theory | pages=213–253}}
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| *{{Citation | last1=Lima | first1=Elon L. | title=The Spanier–Whitehead duality in new homotopy categories | mr=0116332 | year=1959 | journal=Summa Brasil. Math. | volume=4 | pages=91–148}}
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| * {{citation
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| | first = Elon |last= Lages Lima
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| | year = 1960
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| | title = Stable Postnikov invariants and their duals
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| | journal = Summa Brasil. Math.
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| | volume = 4
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| | pages = 193–251
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| }}
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| * {{citation
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| | first = M. A.|last= Mandell|first2=J. P.|last2= May|first3= S. |last3=Schwede |first4=B. |last4=Shipley
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| | year = 2001
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| | title = Model categories of diagram spectra
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| | journal = Proc. London Math. Soc. (3)
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| | volume = 82
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| | pages = 441–512
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| |doi=10.1112/S0024611501012692
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| | issue = 2
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| }}
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| *{{Citation | last1=Vogt | first1=Rainer | title=Boardman's stable homotopy category | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xlvvAAAAMAAJ | publisher=Matematisk Institut, Aarhus Universitet, Aarhus | series=Lecture Notes Series, No. 21 | mr=0275431 | year=1970}}
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| * {{citation
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| | first = George W. |last = Whitehead
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| | year = 1962
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| | title = Generalized homology theories
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| | journal = Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.
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| | volume = 102
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| | pages = 227–283
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| | doi = 10.1090/S0002-9947-1962-0137117-6
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| | issue = 2
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Spectrum (Homotopy Theory)}}
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| [[Category:Homotopy theory]]
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