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A '''working fluid''' is a pressurized [[gas]] or [[liquid]] that actuates a [[machine]].  Examples include steam in a [[steam engine]], air in a [[hot air engine]] and [[hydraulic fluid]] in a [[hydraulic motor]] or [[hydraulic cylinder]]. More generally, in a [[thermodynamic system]], the working fluid is a liquid or gas that absorbs or transmits [[energy]].
 
== Properties and states ==
{{Textbook|section|date=May 2010}}
The working fluid properties are essential for the full description of thermodynamic systems. Although working fluids have a very large number of physical properties which can be defined, the thermodynamic properties which are often required in engineering design and analysis are few. [[Pressure]], [[temperature]], [[enthalpy]], [[entropy]], [[specific volume]] and [[internal energy]] are the most common.
 
[[Image:Property diagram.JPG|frame|right|Pressure–volume diagram showing state (p,V)]]
 
If at least two thermodynamic properties are known, the state of the working fluid can be defined. This is usually done on a property diagram which is simply a plot of one property versus another.
 
[[Image:therm process.JPG|frame|left|Typical thermodynamic process for a working fluid (expansion from state 1 to state 2)]]
 
When the working fluid passes through engineering components such as [[turbines]] and [[compressors]], the point on a property diagram moves due to the possible changes of certain properties. In theory therefore it is possible to draw a line/curve which fully describes the thermodynamic properties of the fluid. In reality however this can only be done if the process is [[Reversible process (thermodynamics)|reversible]]. If not, the changes in property are represented as a dotted line on a property diagram. This issue does not really affect thermodynamic analysis since in most cases it is the end states of a process which are sought after.
 
== Work ==
 
The working fluid can be used to output useful [[work (physics)|work]] if used in a [[turbine]]. Also, in thermodynamic cycles energy may be input to the working fluid by means of a [[compression (physical)|compressor]]. The mathematical formulation for this may be quite simple if we consider a cylinder in which a working fluid resides. A piston is used to input useful work to the fluid. From mechanics, the work done from state 1 to state 2 of the process is given by
 
<center><math> W = -\int_{1}^{2} \mathbf{F} \cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{s}</math></center>
 
Where ''ds'' is the incremental distance from one state to the next and ''F'' is the force applied. The negative sign is introduced since in this case a decrease in volume is being considered. The situation is shown in the figure which follows.
 
[[Image:Piston cylinder.jpg|frame|center|Work input on a working fluid by means of a cylinder-piston arrangement]]
 
The force is given by the product of the pressure in the cylinder and its cross sectional area such that
 
<center>
<math> W = -\int_{1}^{2} \mathit{pA} \cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{s}</math><br />
<math> W = -\int_{1}^{2} \mathit{p} \cdot \mathrm{d}\mathit{V}</math><br />
</center>
 
Where ''A.ds = dV'' is the elemental change of cylinder volume. If from state 1 to 2 the volume increases then the working fluid actually does work on its surroundings and this is commonly denoted by a negative work. If the volume decreases the work is positive. By the definition given with the above integral the work done is represented by the area under a pressure - volume diagram. If we consider the case where we have a constant pressure process then the work is simply given by
 
<center>
<math> W = -\mathit{p}\int_{1}^{2} \mathrm{d}\mathit{V}</math><br />
<math> W = -\mathit{p} \cdot \mathrm{(V_2-V_1)}</math><br />
</center>
 
[[Image:Constant pressure.JPG|frame|center|Constant pressure process on a p-V diagram]]
 
== Choice  ==
 
Depending on the application, various types of working fluids are used. In a thermodynamic cycle it may be the case that the working fluid changes state from gas to liquid or vice versa. Certain gases such as Helium can be treated as [[ideal gases]]. This is not generally the case for superheated steam and the [[ideal gas equation]] does not really hold. At much higher temperatures however it still yields relatively accurate results. The physical and chemical properties of the working fluid are extremely important when designing thermodynamic systems. For instance, in a refrigeration unit, the working fluid is called the refrigerant. [[Ammonia]] is a typical refrigerant and may be used as the primary working fluid. Compared with water (which can also be used as a refrigerant), ammonia makes use of relatively high pressures requiring more robust and expensive equipment.
 
In air standard cycles as in [[gas turbine]] cycles, the working fluid is air. In the open cycle gas turbine, air enters a compressor where its pressure is increased. The compressor therefore inputs work to the working fluid (positive work). The fluid is then transferred to a combustion chamber where this time heat energy is input by means of the burning of a fuel. The air then expands in a turbine thus doing work against the surroundings (negative work).
 
Different working fluids have different properties and in choosing one in particular the designer must identify the major requirements. In refrigeration units, high latent heats are required to provide large refrigeration capacities.
 
== Applications and examples ==
 
The following table gives typical applications of working fluids and examples for each:
 
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Application
! Typical working fluid
! Specific example
|-
| [[Gas turbine]] cycles
| Air
|
|-
| [[Rankine cycle]]s
| [[Water]]/[[steam]], [[pentane]], [[toluene]]
|
|-
| [[Vapor-compression refrigeration]], [[heat pump]]s
| [[Chlorofluorocarbon]]s, [[hydrochlorofluorocarbon]]s, [[fluorocarbon]]s, [[propane]], [[butane]], [[isobutane]], [[ammonia]], [[sulfur dioxide]]
| [[Refrigerator#Commercial and domestic refrigerators|Commercial refrigerators]], [[Air conditioning#Construction|Air conditioners]]
|-
| [[Reusable launch vehicle]] extensible [[VTVL|vertical]]-[[Launch vehicle landing gear|landing legs]]
| [[Helium]]<ref name=musk20130502>
{{cite news |last=Lindsey|first=Clark |title=SpaceX shows a leg for the "F-niner" |url=http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/spacex-shows-a-leg-for-the-quotf-ninerquot.html |date=2013-05-02 |accessdate=2013-05-02 |quote=''F9R (pronounced F-niner) shows a little leg. Design is a nested, telescoping piston w A frame... High pressure helium. Needs to be ultra light.'' |subscription=yes }}</ref>
| [[SpaceX reusable launch system development program]]
|}
 
==See also==
*[[Water power engine]]
 
== References ==
 
{{Reflist|2}}
*{{cite book |title=Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologists|last=Eastop & McConkey |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1993 |edition= 5th Edition. |publisher=Prentice Hall |location= Singapore |isbn= 0-582-09193-4 |pages=9–12 }}
 
<br />
 
[[Category:Engines]]

Latest revision as of 23:40, 10 December 2014

PopularNewLaunch.com is dedicated to carry you informative updates on the most recent and newest property launch in Singapore along with newest real estate market news and new release of presidency cooling measures.

Moreover, spectacular views out of your very own unit aren't the one issues that comes free with each invest. Services made out there for residents are accessible all-yr lengthy. Lap pools, youngsters playground, and a parking zone for each unit every property provision and can be utilized freely. Oceanfront Suites, irresistible pricing for a 946 leasehold property with magnificent sea view. Dreaming of basking and feeling the heat of pure sunlight is now only a click away. Oceanfront Suites - Seaside living now not needs to remain an unattainable Bedok Reservoir Rental @ Bedok The Santorini @ Tampiness Condo by MCC Land 29 March Looking first hand data for above upcoming Challenge go away your contact CLICK ON HERE New Condominium 2014 in February Urban Vista @ Tanah Merah

To stimulate demand in a sluggish market. When the market is down is probably the very best time to ask the developer for a discount. He might entertain your request then. As in all investments, the very best time for purchasing property in Singapore is when others aren't. This rule, which applies to all new Singapore property sales, is to make sure that monies for a mission, whether or not loans or sale proceeds, solely be used for the undertaking and never diverted to different makes use of, or worse, absconded with. Respected faculties such as Gan Eng Seng Major, Crescent Women College and Secondary Faculty, CHIJ St Theresa Convent, Singapore Polytechnic and Universities resembling Nationwide University of Singapore Why submit cheques to register for new property launches in Singapore? Waterwoods Ec

Posted by Edison Foo November 24, 2013 Open for reserving NOW !!! Posted by Edison Foo November 17, 2013 Open for reserving NOW !!! Posted by Edison Foo November 7, 2013 Open for booking NOW !!! Posted by Edison Foo October 22, 2013 SCORCHING!!! Promoting Fast!! Posted by Edison Foo September 29, 2013 HEARTH SALE!!! From solely $9xx,000! Posted by Edison Foo September 10, 2013 Posted by Edison Foo August 19, 2013 Posted by Edison Foo August 15, 2013 Posted by Edison Foo August 11, 2013 Posted by Edison Foo July 25, 2013 Located within minutes to Bishan MRT interchange( Circle & North-South Line). Apartment developments near MRT are becoming more and more uncommon. Bus interchange proper beside. Open for Sale Booking Now! HTC BlinkFeed – Your news direct to your own home display Reduce EC Cancellation Price

Marine Blue apartment is a Freehold new launch apartment development by Capitaland (One of Singapore largest developer) within the very sought after space of Marine Parade in District 15. Marine Blue condominium is situated minutes away from Parkway Parade and also strolling distance to East Coast Park! With estimated completion in mid 2018, it would comprise of 124 items of assorted sizes and layouts. Marine Blue apartment residents will also be capable to entry within a short drive to Siglap, Bedok City Centre and even the Kallang Riverside park which is a brief distance away for some family enjoyable and gatherings. A wholesome enjoyable-crammed life-style awaits you at Marine Blue

It is theoretically potential to get a different loan from a distinct lender for each payment. But doing that is illogical and probably fairly a trouble. The necessary level to note is that since your funds to the developer is progressive, the mortgage housing mortgage that you simply take up is also disbursed portion by portion. Because of this the cash is release slowly to match the agreed payment schedule. When this is taken into account, you would possibly solely be starting to service your mortgage 1 yr after your purchase. The installments that you will repay may also be based mostly on the amount which have been launched.

Kallang Riverside Apartment is a newluxurious residential condominium positioned within the prime Kallang Road, SingaporeDistrict 12. Set among the many breathtaking view of the surroundings added thestriking view of Kallang River, this exceptional improvement is a relaxed andpeaceful community but convenient to the whole lot you New Condo Launch Singapore want. CoCo Palms is the newest condominium within the private residentialenclave along Pasir Ris Grove, just minutes' stroll away from Pasir Ris MRTstation. CoCoPalms Rental is the final plot of landin Pasir Ris Grove by CDLPrevious offered out tasks corresponding to Livia, NV residences, Palette speaks of itspent-up demand. Posted by Edison Foo December 13, 2013 Open for booking NOW !!! Posted by Edison Foo November 28, 2013 Open for reserving NOW !!!

units of exciting condominium improvement with full condominium amenities conveniently positioned at Medini Iskandar Nusajaya Johor Bahru Malaysia surrounded with nice upcoming initiatives like Kota Iskandar, Puteri Harbour, Medini, EduCity, Pinewood Studios, LegoLand, Puteri Harbour Theme Park and Afiat Healthpark. Quick access to and from Singapore with the upcoming Johor Ring Street, MRT and High Velocity Rail. COMMERCIAL The Creek @ Bukit byChiu Teng Group is a brand new Freehold Residential residence at Toh Tuck Street, UpperBukit Timah, Singapore District 21. Located within the centres of countless optionsfor eating, entertaiment and other facilities, The Creek presents great wonderfultime with your family, companions and loved one. Riversails Condominium @ Higher Serangoon

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