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| [[Image:Cyclide.png|thumb|A Dupin cyclide]]
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| In [[mathematics]], a '''Dupin cyclide''' or '''cyclide of Dupin''' is any [[Inversive geometry|geometric inversion]] of a [[standard torus]], [[cylinder]] or [[cone|double cone]]. In particular, these latter are themselves examples of Dupin cyclides. They were discovered by (and named after) [[Charles Dupin]] in his 1803 dissertation under [[Gaspard Monge]].<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Connor|Robertson|2000}}</ref> The key property of a Dupin cyclide is that it is a [[channel surface]] (envelope of a one parameter family of spheres) in two different ways. This property means that Dupin cyclides are natural objects in [[Lie sphere geometry]].
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| Dupin cyclides are often simply known as "cyclides", but the latter term is also used to refer to a more general class of quartic surfaces which are important in the theory of separation of variables for the [[Laplace equation]] in three dimensions.
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| ==Definitions and properties==
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| There are several equivalent definitions of Dupin cyclides. In <math>\R^3</math>, they can be defined as the images under any inversion of tori, cylinders and double cones. This shows that the class of Dupin cyclides is invariant under [[Möbius transformation|Möbius (or conformal) transformation]]s.
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| In complex space <math>\C^3</math> these three latter varieties can be mapped to one another by inversion, so Dupin cyclides can be defined as inversions of the torus (or the cylinder, or the double cone).
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| Since a standard torus is the orbit of a point under a two dimensional [[abelian group|abelian]] [[subgroup]] of the Möbius group, it follows that the cyclides also are, and this provides a second way to define them.
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| A third property which characterizes Dupin cyclides is the fact that their [[curvature line]]s are all circles (possibly through the [[point at infinity]]). Equivalently, the [[curvature sphere]]s, which are the spheres [[tangent]] to the surface with radii equal to the [[Multiplicative inverse|reciprocals]] of the [[principal curvature]]s at the point of tangency, are constant along the corresponding curvature lines: they are the tangent spheres containing the corresponding curvature lines as [[great circle]]s. Equivalently again, both sheets of the [[focal surface]] degenerate to conics.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hilbert|Cohn-Vossen|1999}}</ref> It follows that any Dupin cyclide is a [[channel surface]] (i.e., the envelope of a one parameter family of spheres) in two different ways, and this gives another characterization.
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| The definition in terms of spheres shows that the class of Dupin cyclides is invariant under the larger group of all [[Lie sphere transformation]]s. In fact any two Dupin cyclides are [[Lie sphere geometry|Lie equivalent]]. They form (in some sense) the simplest class of Lie invariant surfaces after the spheres, and are therefore particularly significant in [[Lie sphere geometry]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Cecil|1992}}</ref>
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| The definition also means that a Dupin cyclide is the envelope of the one parameter family of spheres tangent to three given mutually tangent spheres. It follows that it is tangent to infinitely many [[Soddy's hexlet]] configurations of spheres.
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| ==Cyclides and separation of variables==
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| Dupin cyclides are a special case of a more general notion of a cyclide, which is a natural extension of the notion of a [[quadric surface]]. Whereas a quadric can be described as the zero-set of second order polynomial in Cartesian coordinates (''x''<sub>1</sub>,''x''<sub>2</sub>,''x''<sub>3</sub>), a cyclide is given by the zero-set of a second order polynomial in (''x''<sub>1</sub>,''x''<sub>2</sub>,''x''<sub>3</sub>,''r''<sup>2</sup>), where
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| ''r''<sup>2</sup>=''x''<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>+''x''<sub>2</sub><sup>2</sup>+''x''<sub>3</sub><sup>2</sup>. Thus it is a quartic surface in Cartesian coordinates, with an equation of the form:
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| :<math>
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| A r^4 + \sum_{i=1}^3 P_i x_i r^2 + \sum_{i,j=1}^3 Q_{ij} x_i x_j + \sum_{i=1}^3 R_i x_i + B = 0
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| </math>
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| where ''Q'' is a 3x3 matrix, ''P'' and ''R'' are a 3-dimensional [[vector (geometric)|vectors]], and ''A'' and ''B'' are constants.<ref>{{Harvnb|Miller|1977}}</ref>
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| Families of cyclides give rise to various cyclidic coordinate geometries.
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| In Maxime Bôcher's 1891 dissertation, ''Ueber die Reihenentwickelungen der Potentialtheorie'', it was shown that the [[Laplace equation]] in three variables can be solved using separation of variables in 17 conformally distinct quadric and cyclidic coordinate geometries. Many other cyclidic geometries can be obtained by studying R-separation of variables for the Laplace equation.<ref>{{Harvnb|Moon|Spencer|1961}}</ref>
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| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==References==
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| *{{citation | last = Cecil | first = Thomas E. | title = Lie sphere geometry | publisher = Universitext, Springer-Verlag|place= New York | year = 1992|isbn =978-0-387-97747-8}}.
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| * {{citation|last=Eisenhart|first= Luther P.|chapter=§133 Cyclides of Dupin|title= A Treatise on the Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces|place= New York|publisher= Dover|pages=312–314|year= 1960}}.
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| * {{citation | title = Geometry and the Imagination | author1-link = David Hilbert|first1=David|last1=Hilbert|first2=Stephan |last2=Cohn-Vossen |authorlink2=Stephan Cohn-Vossen| year = 1999 | publisher = American Mathematical Society | isbn= 0-8218-1998-4}}.
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| * {{citation | title = Field Theory Handbook: including coordinate systems, differential equations, and their solutions | first1=Parry|last1= Moon |first2=Domina Eberle|last2= Spencer| year = 1961 | publisher = Springer | isbn=0-387-02732-7}}.
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| * {{citation| last1=O'Connor|first1= John J.|first2=Edmund F.|last2= Robertson|chapter-url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Dupin.html|chapter=Pierre Charles François Dupin|title=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]|year=2000}}.
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| * {{citation|last=Pinkall|first=Ulrich|chapter=§3.3 Cyclides of Dupin|title=Mathematical Models from the Collections of Universities and Museums|editor=G. Fischer|place= Braunschweig, Germany|pages= 28–30|year= 1986|publisher=Vieweg}}.
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| * {{citation | first = Willard | last = Miller | year = 1977 | title = Symmetry and Separation of Variables}}.
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| ==External links==
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| {{commonscat|Dupin cyclide}}
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| *{{Mathworld|Cyclide|Cyclide}}
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| *{{cite web|url=http://www.javaview.de/demo/surface/common/PaSurface_DupinCycloid.html|title=Javaview of Dupin Cycloid}}
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| [[Category:Surfaces]]
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I'm Stacia and I live with my husband and our three children in Dusseldorf Holthausen, in the NW south area. My hobbies are Equestrianism, Home Movies and Element collecting.
my web page ... Beautiful Oblivion PDF