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| {{distinguish|Lambada}}
| | My name is Amber (28 years old) and my hobbies are Vintage car and Antiquities.<br><br>Have a look at my web blog :: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Schwartz_(psychologist) Link K Schwartz] |
| {{Redirect|Labda|the mythological figure|Labda (mythology)|other uses|Lambda (disambiguation)}}
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| {{redirect-distinguish|Λ|turned V}}
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| {{Wiktionary|Λ|λ}}
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| {{Greek Alphabet|letter=lambda}}
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| '''Lambda''' (uppercase '''{{lang|el|Λ}}''', lowercase '''{{lang|el|λ}}'''; {{lang-el|Λάμ(β)δα}} ''lam(b)da'') is the 11th letter of the [[Greek alphabet]]. In the system of [[Greek numerals]] lambda has a value of 30. Lambda is related to the [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician letter]] [[Lamed]] [[File:Phoenician lamedh.svg|15px|Lamedh]]. Letters in other [[alphabet]]s that stemmed from lambda include the [[Latin script|Latin]] [[L]] and the [[Cyrillic]] letter [[El (Cyrillic)|El]] (Л, л). The ancient [[grammarians]] and dramatists give evidence to the pronunciation as {{IPA-el|laːbdaː|}} ({{lang|grc|λάβδα}}) in Classical Greek times.<ref>Herbert Weir Smyth. ''A Greek Grammar for Colleges''. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0007 I.1.c]</ref> In [[Modern Greek]] the name of the letter, Λάμδα, is pronounced {{IPA-el|lamða|}}; the spoken letter itself has the sound of {{IPA|[l]}} as with [[Latinate]] "L".
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| In [[epichoric alphabets|early Greek alphabets]], the shape and orientation of lambda varied.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://poinikastas.csad.ox.ac.uk/browseGlyphs.shtml |title=Epigraphic Sources for Early Greek Writing |publisher=Poinikastas.csad.ox.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-10-03}}</ref> Most variants consisted of two straight strokes, one longer than the other, connected at their ends. The angle might be in the upper-left, lower-left ("Western" alphabets), or top ("Eastern" alphabets). Other variants had a vertical line with a horizontal or sloped stroke running to the right. With the general adoption of the [[History of the Greek alphabet#Standardization – the Ionic alphabet|Ionic alphabet]], Greek settled on an angle at the top; the Romans put the angle at the lower-left.
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| The HTML 4 character entity references for the Greek capital and small letter lambda are "&#923;" and "&#955;", respectively.<ref>World Wide Web Consortium W3C. ''HTML 4.01 Specification'', ''24. Character entity references in HTML 4''. [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/sgml/entities.html]</ref>
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| The Unicode number for lambda is 03BB.
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| [[File:NAMA Alphabet grec.jpg|thumb|The Greek alphabet on a [[black figure]] vessel, with a Phoenician-lamed-shaped lambda. (The gamma has the shape of modern lambda.)]]
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| ==Symbol==
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| ===Upper-case letter Λ===
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| {{unreferenced section|date=June 2012}}
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| * Lambda can mean the [[empty set]] in [[mathematics]], though other symbols are more commonly used, such as <math>\varnothing</math>.
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| * The [[lambda particle]] is a type of [[subatomic particle]] in [[Physics#High energy/particle physics|subatomic particle physics]].
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| * Lambda is the set of logical axioms in the [[axiomatic method]] of logical deduction in [[first-order logic]].
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| * Lambda was used as a shield pattern by the [[Sparta]]n Army. This stood for [[Lakedaimon]], the name of the region of Sparta.
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| * Lambda is the [[von Mangoldt function]] in mathematical [[number theory]].
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| * In [[statistics]], [[Samuel Stanley Wilks|Wilks's lambda]] is used in multivariate analysis of variance ([[MANOVA]] analysis) to compare group means on a combination of dependent variables.
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| * In the [[Spectral decomposition#Normal matrices|spectral decomposition of matrices]], lambda indicates the [[diagonal matrix]] of the [[eigenvalues]] of the [[matrix (mathematics)]].
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| * In [[computer science]], lambda is the time window over which a process is observed for determining the working memory set for a [[digital computer]]'s [[virtual memory]] management.
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| * In [[astrophysics]], lambda represents the likelihood that a small body will encounter a [[planet]] or a [[dwarf planet]] leading to a deflection of a significant magnitude. An object with a large value of lambda is expected to have [[clearing the neighbourhood|cleared its neighborhood]], satisfying the current [[definition of planet|definition of a planet]].
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| * In [[crystal optics]], lambda is used to represent the period of a lattice.
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| * In [[NATO]] military operations, a chevron (a capital lambda symbol) is painted on the vehicles of this military alliance for identification.
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| * In [[chemistry]] there are Δ (delta) and Λ (lambda) isomers, see: [[coordination complex]]
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| * In [[electrochemistry]], lambda denotes the "equivalent [[Electrical conductance|conductance]]" of an [[electrolyte]] solution.
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| * In [[cosmology]], lambda is the symbol for the [[cosmological constant]].
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| * In optics, lambda denotes the grating pitch of a [[Bragg reflector]].
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| * In handwritten [[Russian language|Russian]], this letter represents [[El (Cyrillic)|Л]] in both uppercase and lowercase formats.
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| ===Lower-case letter λ===
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| {{Refimprove|section|date=October 2013}}
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| [[Image:Greek lc lamda thin.svg|right|thumb|100px|Lower-case lambda]]
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| * In [[evolutionary algorithm]]s, λ indicates the number of offspring that would be generated from μ current population in each generation. The terms μ and λ are originated from [[Evolution strategy]] notation.
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| * Lambda indicates the [[wavelength]] of any [[wave]], especially in [[physics]], [[electronics engineering]], and [[mathematics]].
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| * Lambda indicates the [[exponential decay|radioactivity decay constant]] in [[nuclear physics]] and [[radioactivity]]. This constant is very simply related (by a multiplicative constant) to the [[half-life]] of any radioactive material.
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| * In probability theory, lambda represents the density of occurrences within a time interval, as modeled by the [[Poisson distribution]].
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| * In [[mathematical logic]] and [[computer science]], lambda is used to introduce [[Anonymous_function|anonymous functions]] expressed with the concepts of [[lambda calculus]].
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| * Lambda is a symbol for one [[micro-|micro]][[liter]] (1 μL), that is, one cubic [[millimeter]] (1 mm<sup>3</sup>). This use is currently deprecated.
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| * Lambda indicates an [[eigenvalue]] in the mathematics of [[linear algebra]].
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| * In the physics of [[electric field]]s, lambda sometimes indicates the linear [[charge density]] of a uniform line of [[electric charge]] (measured in [[coulomb]]s per meter).
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| * Lambda denotes a [[Lagrange multiplier]] in [[multivariable calculus|multi-dimensional calculus]].
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| * In [[solid-state electronics]], lambda indicates the [[channel length modulation]] parameter of a [[MOSFET]].
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| * There is a [[lambda phage]] virus in biology.
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| * In [[ecology]], lambda denotes the long-term intrinsic growth rate of a population. This value is often calculated as the dominant eigenvalue of the age/size class [[matrix (mathematics)]].
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| * In [[formal language theory]] and in computer science, lambda denotes the [[empty string]]. {{Cn|date=October 2013}}
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| * In [[telecommunications]], lambda indicates the wavelength in a [[wavelength-division multiplexing]] [[optical communications]] system. This is actually a form of the long-established concept of [[frequency-division multiplexing]].
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| * Lambda denotes the [[Lebesgue measure]] in [[set theory|mathematical set theory]].
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| * The [[Goodman and Kruskal's lambda]] in [[statistics]] indicates the [[proportional reduction in error]] when one variable's values are used to predict the values of another variable.
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| * Lambda denotes the [[oxygen sensor]] in a vehicle that measures the [[air-fuel ratio|air-to-fuel ratio]] in the exhaust [[gases]] of an [[internal-combustion engine]].
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| * A [[Lambda (rocket)|Lambda 4S]] solid-fuel rocket was used to launch [[Ōsumi (satellite)|Japan's first orbital satellite]] in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/lambda.htm |title=Encyclopedia Astronautica: Lambda |publisher=www.astronautix.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-18}}</ref>
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| * Lambda denotes the [[failure rate]] of devices and systems in [[reliability theory]], and it is measured in failure events per hour. Numerically, this lambda is also the reciprocal of the [[mean time between failure]]s.
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| * In criminology, lambda denotes an individual's frequency of [[Offence (law)|offenses]].
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| * In cartography and navigation, lambda denotes the [[longitude]] of a location.
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| * Lambda is the symbol of the musician [[Richard D. James]] or [[Aphex Twin]].
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| * Lambda denotes [[Christopher Langton]]'s parameter for the classification of [[Stephen Wolfram]]'s classes of [[cellular automaton|cellular automata]].
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| * In [[electrochemistry]], lambda also denotes the [[ion]]ic conductance of a given ion (The composition of the ion is generally shown as a subscript to the lambda character).
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| * In [[neurobiology]], lambda denotes the [[length constant]] (or exponential rate of decay) of the [[electric potential]] across the [[cell membrane]] along a length of a nerve cell's [[axon]].
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| * In the science and technology of [[heat transfer]], lambda denotes the [[heat of vaporization]] per mole of material (a.k.a. its "latent heat").<ref>Wankat Separation Process Engineering 2nd ed, Prentice Hall</ref>
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| * In the technology and science of celestial navigation, lambda denotes the longitude as opposed to the Roman letter '''"L"''', which denotes the [[latitude]].
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| * King [[Louis XIII of France]] used the letter lambda as his personal symbol rather than [[monogram]].
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| * In [[Volvo]] [[automobile]]s, lambda denotes an engine, fuel, or ignition system failure.
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| * A block style Lambda is used as a recurring symbol in the [[Valve Software|Valve]] computer game series ''[[Half-Life (series)|Half-Life]]'', referring to the Lambda complex of the fictional [[Black Mesa Research Facility]].
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| * The lambda was selected as a symbol by the [[Gay Activists Alliance]] of New York in 1970, and declared the international symbol for gay and lesbian rights by the International Gay Rights Congress in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1974.
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| * The "[[lambda sign]]" is used for diagnosis of [[dichorionic twins]] in [[obstetric ultrasonography]]
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| ==Lambda, the word==
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| * In programming languages such as [[Lisp (programming language)#Lambda expressions|Lisp]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]] and [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] '''lambda''' is an operator used to denote [[Anonymous_function|anonymous functions]] or [[closure (computer science)|closures]], following the usage of [[lambda calculus]]. An example of this use of lambda in the Python language is this section of [[source code|computer code]] that sorts a list [[alphabet]]ically by the last character of each entry:
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| <source lang="python">>>> list = ['woman', 'man', 'horse', 'boat', 'plane', 'dog']
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| >>> sorted(list, key = lambda word: (word[-1]))
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| ['horse', 'plane', 'dog', 'woman', 'man', 'boat']</source> | |
| * In the [[C Sharp (programming language)|C# programming language]] a lambda expression is an [[anonymous function]] that can contain expressions and statements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb397687.aspx |title=Lambda Expressions (C# Programming Guide) |publisher=Msdn.microsoft.com |date= |accessdate=2011-10-03}}</ref>
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| * The language [[Unlambda]] is a [[functional programming]] language based upon [[combinatory logic]], a simplification of the lambda calculus that does not involve the lambda at all, hence the un- prefix.
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| * An automotive [[oxygen sensor]] (O<sub>2</sub> sensor) is also known as a lambda probe, sensor, sond, or sonde.
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| * '''Lambda''' is used in art and photography to refer to a digital [[Type C print]], or to the equipment that is used to produce it.
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| * Lambda was used by Pythagoras to denote the "Lambda number sequence" 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 8, 27, ...,{{OEIS|A098293}} formed by the [[integer]]s of the form 2<sup>''i''</sup> and 3<sup>''i''</sup>, for nonnegative integer ''i''.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}
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| * In the study of gasoline engines, Lambda sometimes refers to the air/fuel mixture going into the engine.
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| ==Lambda as a name==
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| *[[Stargate SG-1]] uses a modified upper-case lambda, with a small circle above the apex, to indicate Earth. This symbol has since become associated with the entire franchise.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://stargateartifacts.com/2010/07/15/exclusive-wallpaper-earth-symbol/| title=Earth Symbol| first=David| last=Read| publisher=Propworx| date=July 15, 2010| accessdate=2010-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://stargate.mgm.com/| title=Official Stargate Website| publisher=Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer| accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref>
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| *The popular [[science fiction]] universe of ''[[Star Wars]]'' uses a transport vehicle known as the [[Lambda-class shuttle]] that when viewed forward has the shape of the lowercase lambda.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.starwars.com/databank/starship/lambdashuttle/index.html| title=Imperial Lambda-class shuttle| work=Star Wars Databank| publisher=[[Lucasfilm]]| accessdate=2010-10-12}}</ref>
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| *Lambda is occasionally used in graphic design to represent a stylised 'A'. Examples include the Disney movie ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'', the logo of the band ''[[Angels & Airwaves]]'', the logo of the band ''[[Dream Theater]]'', the logo of electronics company [[Samsung]], and the logo of the engineering consultancy [[Atkins (company)|Atkins]]. Conversely, the name of the band ''[[Λucifer]]'' (pronounced ''lucifer'') is sometimes spelled ''Aucifer''.
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| *The upper-case lambda is used as the alias of [[Providence, Rhode Island]] based musician [[Xavier Valentine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aarrcc.bandcamp.com |title=Ʌ |publisher=Aarrcc.bandcamp.com |date= |accessdate=2011-10-03}}</ref>
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| *The ''Half-Life'' franchise of video games uses an encircled block style lower-case lambda as the franchise logo (''Half-Life 2'' adds the numeral 2 into the logo as [[superscript]]), prominently featured on the chest of Gordon Freeman's (the protagonist) [[Gordon_Freeman#Character_design|powered armor]], known as an HEV suit. In the first game, the logo appears at the entrances of the Black Mesa Research Facility's Lambda Complex, which conducted teleportation research. In ''Half-Life 2'' and its Episodes, the encircled block lambda is the universal symbol of the Resistance, often spraypainted to mark the location of safehouses and hidden supply caches; full-time Resistance members wear armbands containing a lower-case lambda without the circle.
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| *In the 2D [[fighting game]] series ''[[BlazBlue]]'', a recurring character named Lambda-11 appears in the various games' story modes and as a playable character.
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| *Several gay rights organizations, such as [[Lambda Legal]] and the [[Lambda Literary Award]] derive their names from the use of a lower-case lambda as a symbol for gay and lesbian rights.
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| *In the RPG game [[Tales of Graces]], originally made for the [[Wii]], Lambda is the name of the main story's antagonist.
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| *There is a [[PlayStation Vita]] game known as [[Cytus]] Lambda.
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| ==Character Encodings==
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| Unicode uses the spelling "lamda" in character names, instead of "lambda".
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| * Greek Lambda / Coptic Laula
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| {{charmap
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| |039B|name1=Greek Capital Letter Lamda
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| |03BB|name2=Greek Small Letter Lamda
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| |1D27|name3=Greek Letter Small Capital Lamda
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| |2C96|name4=Coptic Capital Letter Laula
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| |2C97|name5=Coptic Small Letter Laula
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| |map2=DOS Greek|map2char1=8A|map2char2=A2
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| |map3=DOS Greek-2|map3char1=B6|map3char2=E5
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| |map4=Windows 1253|map4char1=CB|map4char2=EB
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| |namedref1=TeX|ref1char1=\Lambda|ref1char2=\lambda
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| }}
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| * Mathematical Lambda
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| {{charmap
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| |1D6B2|name1=Mathematical Bold<br />Capital Lamda
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| |1D6CC|name2=Mathematical Bold<br />Small Lamda
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| |1D6EC|name3=Mathematical Italic<br />Capital Lamda
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| |1D706|name4=Mathematical Italic<br />Small Lamda
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| |1D726|name5=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Capital Lamda
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| |1D740|name6=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Small Lamda
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| }}
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| {{charmap
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| |1D760|name1=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Capital Lamda
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| |1D77A|name2=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Small Lamda
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| |1D79A|name3=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Capital Lamda
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| |1D7B4|name4=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Small Lamda
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| }}
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| These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering]]
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| * [[El (Cyrillic)|Л, л - El (Cyrillic)]]
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| * [[Fraser alphabet#Consonants]]
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| [[Category:Greek letters]]
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| [[Category:Units of volume]]
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