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| {{Infobox software
| | Eusebio is the name workers use to call for me and I think in which sounds quite good when you say it. Idaho is our birth fit. I used to be unemployed but then now I am a major cashier. My excellent say it's not good for me but methods I love doing is to bake but I'm just thinking on starting interesting things. I'm not good at [http://www.Wikipedia.org/wiki/webdesign webdesign] but you might aspire to check my website: http://circuspartypanama.com<br><br>My web site :: hack clash of clans [[http://circuspartypanama.com have a peek at this web-site]] |
| |name = Axiom
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| |developer = independent group of people
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| |latest release version = May 2012
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| |operating system = [[cross-platform]]
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| |genre = [[computer algebra system]]
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| |license = [[BSD licenses|Modified BSD License]]
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| |website = [http://www.axiom-developer.org axiom-developer.org]
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| }}
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| '''Axiom''' is a [[free software|free]], general-purpose [[computer algebra system]]. It consists of an interpreter environment, a compiler and a library, which defines a strongly typed, mathematically (mostly) correct type hierarchy.
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| ==History==
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| Axiom has been in development since 1965. It was started by James Greismer at the request of Ralph Gomory,<ref>[http://axiom-developer.org Axiom Homepage]</ref> originally as '''Scratchpad'''. The main effort was led by a group at [[International Business Machines|IBM]] under the direction of Richard Dimick Jenks.<ref>[http://www.cis.udel.edu/~caviness/jenks/jenksbio/ CIS.udel.edu]</ref> Other key early developers were Barry Trager, Stephen Watt, James Davenport, Robert Sutor, and Scott Morrison.
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| In the 1990s, it was sold to [[Numerical Algorithms Group|NAG]] and given its current name. In 2001, it was withdrawn from the market and re-released under the [[Modified BSD License]]. Since then, the project's lead developer has been Tim Daly.
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| In 2007, Axiom was [[fork (software development)|forked]] into two different [[open-source software|open-source]] projects: '''OpenAxiom'''<ref>[http://www.open-axiom.org Open-axiom.org]</ref> and '''FriCAS''',<ref>[http://fricas.sourceforge.net fricas.sourceforge.net]</ref> following "serious disagreement about project goals".<ref>[http://fricas.sourceforge.net/history.html]</ref>
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| ==Documentation==
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| Axiom is a [[literate programming|literate program]]. The source code is becoming available in a set of volumes which are available on the <code>axiom-developer.org</code><ref>[http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/documentation.html Axiom-developer.org]</ref> website. These volumes contain the actual source code of the system.
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| The currently available documents are:
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| * [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/toc.pdf Combined Table of Contents]
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| * Volume 0: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol0.pdf Axiom Jenks and Sutor]—The main textbook
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| * Volume 1: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol1.pdf Axiom Tutorial]—A simple introduction
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| * Volume 2: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol2.pdf Axiom Users Guide]—Detailed examples of domain use (incomplete)
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| * Volume 3: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol3.pdf Axiom Programmers Guide]—Guided examples of program writing (incomplete)
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| * Volume 4: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol4.pdf Axiom Developers Guide]—Short essays on developer-specific topics (incomplete)
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| * Volume 5: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol5.pdf Axiom Interpreter]—Source code for Axiom interpreter (incomplete)
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| * Volume 6: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol6.pdf Axiom Command]—Source code for system commands and scripts (incomplete)
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| * Volume 7: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol7.pdf Axiom Hyperdoc]—Source code and explanation of X11 Hyperdoc help browser
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| ** Volume 7.1 [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol7.1.pdf Axiom Hyperdoc Pages]—Source code for Hyperdoc pages
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| * Volume 8: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol8.pdf Axiom Graphics]—Source code for X11 Graphics subsystem
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| ** Volume 8.1 [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol8.1.pdf Axiom Gallery]—A Gallery of Axiom images
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| * Volume 9: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol9.pdf Axiom Compiler]—Source code for Spad compiler (incomplete)
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| * Volume 10: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol10.pdf Axiom Algebra Implementation]—Essays on implementation issues (incomplete)
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| ** Volume 10.1: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol10.1.pdf Axiom Algebra Theory]—Essays containing background theory
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| ** Volume 10.2: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol10.2.pdf Axiom Algebra Categories]—Source code for Axiom categories
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| ** Volume 10.3: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol10.3.pdf Axiom Algebra Domains]—Source code for Axiom domains
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| ** Volume 10.4: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol10.4.pdf Axiom Algebra Packages]—Source code for Axiom packages
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| ** Volume 10.5: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol10.5.pdf Axiom Algebra Numerics]—Source code for Axiom numerics
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| * Volume 11: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol11.pdf Axiom Browser]—Source pages for Axiom Firefox browser front end
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| * Volume 12: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol12.pdf Axiom Crystal]—Source code for Axiom Crystal front end (incomplete)
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| * Bibliography: [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvolbib.pdf Axiom Bibliography]—Literature references
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| ==Videos==
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| The Axiom project has a major focus on providing documentation. Recently the project announced the first in a series of instructional videos, which are also available on the <code>axiom-developer.org</code><ref>[http://www.axiom-developer.org Axiom-developer.org]</ref> website. The first video<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CV8y3UrpadY Youtube.com]</ref> provides details on the Axiom information sources.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CV8y3UrpadY "Axiom Computer Algebra System Information Sources,"] jgg899, ''[[YouTube]]'', November 30, 2008.</ref>
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| ==Philosophy==
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| The Axiom project focuses on the “30 Year Horizon”. The primary philosophy is that Axiom needs to develop several fundamental features in order to be useful to the next generation of computational mathematicians. Knuth's [[literate programming]] technique is used throughout the source code. Axiom plans to use proof technology to prove the correctness of the algorithms (such as [[Coq]] and [[ACL2]]).
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| ==Design==
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| In Axiom, all objects have a type. Examples of types are mathematical structures (such as [[ring (mathematics)|rings]], [[field (mathematics)|fields]], [[polynomial]]s) as well as data structures from computer science (e.g., [[list (computing)|list]]s, [[tree (data structure)|tree]]s, [[hash tables]]).
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| A function can take a type as argument, and its return value can also be a type. For example, <code>Fraction</code> is a function, that takes an <code>IntegralDomain</code> as argument, and returns the field of fractions of its argument. As another example, the ring of <math>4\times 4</math> matrices with rational entries would be constructed as <code>SquareMatrix(4, Fraction Integer)</code>. Of course, when working in this domain, <code>1</code> is interpreted as the identity matrix and <code>A^-1</code> would give the inverse of the matrix <code>A</code>, if it exists.
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| Several operations can have the same name, and the types of both the arguments and the result are used to determine which operation is applied (cf. [[function overloading]]).
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| Axiom comes with an extension language called SPAD. All the mathematical knowledge of Axiom is written in this language. The interpreter accepts roughly the same language. SPAD was further developed under the name [[A Sharp (Axiom)|A#]] and later [[Aldor programming language|Aldor]]. The latter can still be used as an alternative extension language. It is, however, distributed under a different license.
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| ==Features==
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| Within the interpreter environment, Axiom uses [[type inference]] and a heuristic algorithm to make explicit type annotations mostly unnecessary.
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| It features 'HyperDoc', an interactive browser-like help system, and can display two and three dimensional graphics, also providing interactive features like rotation and lighting. It also has a specialised interaction mode for [[Emacs]], as well as a plugin for the [[TeXmacs]] editor.
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| <gallery>
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| Image:AxiomHyperDoc.png|HyperDoc displaying the available operations for a domain
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| Image:AxiomGraphics.png|Axiom displaying a surface
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| Image:Axiomfirefox.jpg|Axiom Firefox Browser Interface
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| Image:Heatequation.jpg|Axiom simplifying a heat equation
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| Image:Matrixinmatrix.jpg|Axiom matrix manipulation
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| Image:RischIntegration.jpg|Axiom computing a Risch integral
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| </gallery>
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| Axiom has an implementation of the [[Risch algorithm]] for elementary integration, which was done by Manuel Bronstein and Barry Trager.
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| ==See also==
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| {{Portal|Free software}}
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| * [[A Sharp (Axiom)|A# programming language]]
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| * [[Aldor programming language]]
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| * [[Comparison of computer algebra systems]]
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| ==Notes==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==References==
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| * J. H. Griesmer and R. D. Jenks "SCRATCHPAD/1: An interactive facility for symbolic mathematics" SYMSAC '71 Proceedings of the second ACM symposium on Symbolic and algebraic manipulation pp. 42–58 (1971)
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| * R. D. Jenks "META/PLUS The Syntax Extension Facility for SCRATCHPAD" Research Report RC 3259 IBM T.J.Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, N.Y. (1971)
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| * J. Griesmer and R. Jenks "Experience with an online symbolic math. system SCRATCHPAD" (1972) PKI-OG: Li-Ord.Le
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| * James H. Griesmer and Richard D. Jenks "SCRATCHPAD: A capsule view" SIGPLAN v7 n10 pp 93–102 (1972)
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| * R. D. Jenks "The SCRATCHPAD Language" SIGPLAN v9 n4 pp101–111 (1974) ISSN 0362-1340
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| * A. C. Norman "Computing with Formal Power Series" TOMS v1 n4 pp346–356 (1975) ISSN 0098-3500
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| * Richard D. Jenks "A pattern compiler" Symsac '76 pp60–65 (1976)
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| * E. Lueken "Ueberlegungen zur Implementierung eines Formelmanipulationssystems" Masters Thesis Technischen Universitat Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Germany (1977)
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| * George E. Andrews "Ramanujan and SCRATCHPAD" Proc. 1984 MACSYMA Users' Conf., General Electric, Schenectady, pp. 383–408 (1984)
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| * J. Davenport, P. Gianni, R. Jenks, V. Miller, S. Morrison, M. Rothstein, C. Sundaresan, R. Sutor, B. Trager "Scratchpad" Mathematical Sciences Department IBM Thomas Watson Research Center (1984)
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| * Richard D. Jenks "The New SCRATCHPAD Language and System for Computer Algebra" pp409-??
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| * Richard D. Jenks "A primer: 11 keys to New Scratchad" pp123–147 (1984)
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| * R. S. Sutor "The Scratchpad II Computer Algebra Language and System" pp32–33 (1985)
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| * Rudiger Gebauer and H. Michael Moller "Buchberger's algorithm and staggered linear bases" SYMSAC '86 (1986) ACM pp218–221 ISBN 0-89791-199-7
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| * Richard D. Jenks, Robert S. Sutor, Stephen M. Watt "Scratchpad II: an abstract datatype system for mathematical computation" Research Report RC12327 IBM T.J.Watson Research Center (1986)
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| * Michael Lucks and Bruce W. Char "A fast implementation of polynomial factorization" SYMSAC '86 (1986) ACM ISBN 0-89791-199-7 pp228–232
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| * J. Purtilo "Applications of a software interconnection system in mathematical problem solving environments" SYMSAC '86 (1986) ACM ISBN 0-89791-199-7 pp16–23
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| * W. Burge and S. Watt "Infinite Structure in SCRATCHPAD II" FC 12794 IBM T.J.Watson Research Center (1987)
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| * P. Senechaud, F. Siebert, G. Villard "Scratchpad II: Presentation d'un nouveau langage de calcul formel" TIM 3 (IMAG) Grenoble, France (1987)
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| * R. S. Sutor and R.D.Jenks "The Type Inference and Coercion Facilities in the Scratchpad II Interpreter" Wexelblat:1987:IIT pp56–63 (1987)
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| * Robert S. Sutor and Richard D. Jenks "The type inference and coercion facilities in the Scratchpad II interpreter" Research Report RC 12595 IBM T.J.Watson Research Center (1987)
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| * G. E. Andrews "Application of SCRATCHPAD to problems in special functions and combinatorics" Trends in Computer Algebra, R. Janssen, ed., Springer Lecture Notes in Comp.Sci., No. 296, pp. 159–166 (1988)
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| * J. H. Davenport, Y.Siret, E.Tournier "Computer Algebra: Systems and Algorithms for Algebraic Computation" ISBN 0-12-204230-1 (1995)
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| * R. Gebauer and H.M.Moller "On an installation of Buchberger's algorithm" Journal of Symbolic Computation v6 n2-3 pp275–286 (1988) ISSN 07470-7171
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| * F. Schwarz "Programming with abstract data types: the symmetry package (SPDE) in Scratchpad Janssen:1988:TCA pp167-176 (1988)
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| * D. Shannon and M.Sweedler "Using Groebner bases to determine algebra membership, split surjective algebra homomorphisms determine birational equivalence" Journal of Symbolic Computation v6 n2-3 pp267–273 (1988)
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| * Hans-J. Boehm "Type inference in the presence of type abstraction" SIGPLAN v24 n7 pp192–206 (1989)
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| * Bronstein, M. "Simplification of real elementary functions" ACM:1989:PAI pp207–211 (1989)
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| * C. Dicrescenzo and D. Duval "Algebraic extensions and algebraic closure in Scratchpad II" Gianni:1989:SAC pp440–446 (1989)
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| * Daly, Timothy [http://daly.axiom-developer.org/TimothyDaly_files/cmutalk/index.html "Axiom -- Thirty Years of Lisp"]
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| * Daly, Timothy Axiom Invited Talk, Free Software Conference, Lyon, France, May, 2002
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| * Daly, Timothy [http://Libre Software Meeting Axiom] Invited Talk Metz, France, July 9–12, 2003
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| ==External links==
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| {{commons category|Axiom}}
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| * [http://axiom-developer.org Axiom Homepage]
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| * [http://axiom-wiki.newsynthesis.org Homepage hosting all descendents of the original project]
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| * [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol0.pdf Jenks, R.D. and Sutor, R. "Axiom, The Scientific Computation System"]
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| * [http://axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol1.pdf Daly, T. "Axiom Volume 1: Tutorial"]
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| Software forks:
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| * [http://www.open-axiom.org OpenAxiom website.] [http://sourceforge.net/projects/open-axiom/ OpenAxiom SourceForge.net project page.]
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| * [http://fricas.sourceforge.net FriCAS website.] [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fricas/ FriCAS SourceForge.net project page.]
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| {{Computer algebra systems}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Axiom (Computer Algebra System)}}
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| [[Category:Free computer algebra systems]]
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| [[Category:Free software programmed in Lisp]]
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| [[Category:Common Lisp software]]
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