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'''40-bit encryption''' refers to a [[key size]] of forty bits, or five [[byte]]s, for [[symmetric encryption]]; this represents a relatively low level of security. A forty bit length corresponds to a total of <math>2^{40}</math> possible keys. Although this is a large number in human terms (about a [[1000000000000 (number)|trillion]], nearly two hundred times the world's human population), it is possible to break this degree of encryption using a moderate amount of computing power in a [[brute force attack]] &mdash; that is, trying out each possible key in turn.


==Description==
A typical home computer in 2004 could [[Brute-force attack|brute-force]] a 40-bit key in a little under two weeks, testing a million keys per second; modern computers are able to achieve this much faster.  Using free time on a large corporate network or a [[botnet]] would reduce the time in proportion to the number of computers available.{{sfn|Schneier|1996|p=154}} With dedicated hardware, a 40-bit key can be broken in seconds. The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]'s [[Deep Crack]], built by a group of enthusiasts for US$250,000 in 1998, could break a 56-bit [[Data Encryption Standard]] (DES) key in days,{{sfn|EFF-1998}} and would be able to break 40-bit DES encryption in about two seconds.{{sfn|Schneier|1996|p=153}}


40-bit encryption was common in software released before 1996, when algorithms with larger key lengths could not legally be [[export of cryptography|exported]] from the United States without a case-by-case license.  "In the early 1990s ... As a general policy, the State Department allowed exports of commercial encryption with 40-bit keys, although some software with DES could be exported to U.S.-controlled subsidiaries and financial institutions."{{sfn|Grimmett|2001|p=}}{{sfn|Schneier|1996|p=615}} As a result, the "international" versions of [[web browser]]s were designed to have an effective key size of 40 bits when using [[Secure Sockets Layer]] to protect [[e-commerce]]. Similar limitations were imposed on other software packages, including early versions of [[Wired Equivalent Privacy]]. In 1992, [[IBM]] designed the [[CDMF]] algorithm to reduce the strength of [[56-bit encryption|56-bit]] DES against brute force attack to 40 bits, in order to create exportable DES implementations.  
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==Obsolescence==
All 40-bit and 56-bit encryption algorithms are [[obsolete]] because they are vulnerable to [[brute force attack]]s, and therefore cannot be regarded as secure. As a result, virtually all web browsers now use 128-bit keys, which are considered strong. Some [[web server]]s will not communicate with a client unless it has a 128-bit encryption capability installed on it.
 
Public/private key pairs used in [[asymmetric encryption]] (public key cryptography) must be much longer than 128 bits for security; see [[key size]] for more details.
 
As a general rule, modern symmetric encryption algorithms such as [[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]] use key lengths of 128, 192 and 256 bits.
 
==See also==
*[[56-bit encryption]]
*[[Content Scramble System]]
 
==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}
 
==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web|url=https://w2.eff.org/Privacy/Crypto/Crypto_misc/DESCracker/HTML/19980716_eff_des_faq.html|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About the Electronic Frontier Foundation's "DES Cracker" Machine|publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation|date=16 July 1998|accessdate=23 Mar 2012|ref={{harvid|EFF-1998}}}}
*{{cite report|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl30273.pdf|format=pdf|title=Encryption Export Controls|first=Jeanne J.|last=Grimmett|title=Congressional Research Service Eeport RL30273|year=2001|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Schneier|first=Bruce|title=Applied Cryptography|edition=Second Edition|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1996|isbn=0-471-11709-9|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
 
[[Category:Symmetric-key cryptography]]
[[Category:History of cryptography]]

Latest revision as of 00:15, 6 January 2015


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