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{{redir|Cuk|the Idel-Ural festival|Çük}}
== So the problem there ==


The '''Ćuk converter''' (pronounced ''Chook''; sometimes incorrectly spelled '''Cuk''', '''Čuk''' or '''Cúk''') is a type of [[DC-DC converter]] that has an output voltage magnitude that is either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude.
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The non-isolated Ćuk converter can only have opposite polarity between input and output.  It uses a [[capacitor]] as its main energy-storage component, unlike most other types of converters which use an [[inductor]].  It is named after [[Slobodan Ćuk]] of the [[California Institute of Technology]], who first presented the design.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Ćuk, Slobodan | coauthors = Middlebrook, R. D. | date = June 8, 1976 | title = A General Unified Approach to Modelling Switching-Converter Power Stages | journal = Proceedings of the IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference | pages = pp.73–86 | location = Cleveland, OH. | url = http://www.ee.bgu.ac.il/~kushnero/temp/guamicuk.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-12-31}}</ref>
== the dark one ==


==Non-isolated Ćuk converter==
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There are variations on the basic Ćuk converter. For example, the coils may share single magnetic core, which drops the output ripple, and adds efficiency. Because the power transfer flows continuously via the capacitor, this type of switcher has minimized EMI radiation. The Ćuk converter enables the energy flow bidirectionally, by adding a diode and a switch.
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===Operating principle===
== what happened ==
[[Image:Cuk conventions.svg|thumb|350px| Fig 1: Schematic of a non-isolated Ćuk converter.]]
[[Image:Cuk operating.svg|thumb|200px| Fig 2: The two operating states of a non-isolated Ćuk converter.]]
[[Image:Cuk operating2.svg|thumb|350px| Fig 3: The two operating states of a non-isolated Ćuk converter. In this figure, the diode and the switch are either replaced by a short circuit when they are on or by an open circuit when they are off. It can be seen that when in the Off state, the capacitor C is being charged by the input source through the inductor L<sub>1</sub>. When in the On state, the capacitor C transfers the energy to the output capacitor through the inductance L<sub>2</sub>.]]


A non-isolated Ćuk converter comprises two [[inductor]]s, two [[capacitor]]s, a switch (usually a [[transistor]]), and a [[diode]]. Its schematic can be seen in figure 1.  It is an inverting converter, so the output voltage is negative with respect to the input voltage.
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The capacitor C is used to transfer energy and is connected alternately to the input and to the output of the converter ''via'' the commutation of the transistor and the diode (see figures 2 and 3).
<ul>
 
 
The two inductors L<sub>1</sub> and L<sub>2</sub> are used to convert respectively the input voltage source (V<sub>i</sub>) and the output voltage source (C<sub>o</sub>) into current sources. Indeed, at a short time scale an inductor can be considered as a current source as it maintains a constant current. This conversion is necessary because if the capacitor were connected directly to the voltage source, the current would be limited only by (parasitic) resistance, resulting in high energy loss. Charging a capacitor with a current source (the inductor) prevents resistive current limiting and its associated energy loss.
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As with other converters ([[buck converter]], [[boost converter]], [[buck-boost converter]]) the Ćuk converter can either operate in continuous or discontinuous current mode. However, unlike these converters, it can also operate in discontinuous voltage mode (i.e., the voltage across the capacitor drops to zero during the commutation cycle).
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=== Continuous mode ===
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In steady state, the energy stored in the inductors has to remain the same at the beginning and at the end of a commutation cycle. The energy in an inductor is given by:
 
 
</ul>
<math>E=\frac{1}{2}LI^2</math>
 
This implies that the current through the inductors has to be the same at the beginning and the end of the commutation cycle. As the evolution of the current through an inductor is related to the voltage across it:
 
<math>V_L=L\frac{dI}{dt}</math>
 
it can be seen that the average value of the inductor voltages over a commutation period have to be zero to satisfy the steady-state requirements.
 
If we consider that the capacitors C and C<sub>o</sub> are large enough for the voltage ripple across them to be negligible, the inductor voltages become:
 
* in the off-state, inductor L<sub>1</sub> is connected in series with V<sub>i</sub> and C (see figure 2). Therefore <math>V_{L1}=V_i-V_C</math>. As the diode D is forward biased (we consider zero voltage drop), L<sub>2</sub> is directly connected to the output capacitor. Therefore <math>V_{L2}=V_o</math>
 
* in the on-state, inductor L<sub>1</sub> is directly connected to the input source. Therefore <math>V_{L1}=V_i</math>. Inductor L<sub>2</sub> is connected in series with C and the output capacitor, so <math>V_{L2}=V_o+V_C</math>
 
The converter operates in on-state from t=0 to t=D·T (D is the [[duty cycle]]), and in off state from D·T to T (that is, during a period equal to (1-D)·T). The average values of V<sub>L1</sub> and V<sub>L2</sub> are therefore:
 
<math>\bar V_{L1}=D \cdot V_i +\left(1-D\right)\cdot\left(V_i-V_C\right) =\left(V_i-(1-D)\cdot V_C\right)</math>
 
<math>\bar V_{L2}=D\left(V_o+V_C\right) + \left(1-D\right)\cdot V_o=\left(V_o + D\cdot V_C\right)</math>
 
As both average voltage have to be zero to satisfy the steady-state conditions we can write, using the last equation:
 
<math>V_C=-\frac{V_o}{D}</math>
 
So the average voltage across L<sub>1</sub> becomes:
 
<math>\bar V_{L1}=\left(V_i+(1-D)\cdot \frac{V_o}{D}\right)=0</math>
 
Which can be written as:
 
<math>\frac{V_o}{V_i}=\frac{-D}{1-D}</math>
 
It can be seen that this relation is the same as that obtained for the [[Buck-boost converter]].
 
=== Discontinuous mode ===
Like all DC-DC converters Ćuk converters rely on the ability of the inductors in the circuit to provide continuous current, in much the same way a capacitor in a rectifier filter provides continuous voltage.
If this inductor is too small or below the "critical inductance", then the current will be discontinuous.
This state of operation is usually not studied in much depth, as it is not used beyond a demonstrating of why the minimum inductance is crucial.
 
The minimum inductance is given by:
 
<math>L_1min=\frac{(1-D)^2R}{2Df_s}</math>
 
Where <math>f_s</math> is the switching frequency.
 
==== Current ====
 
==== Voltage ====
 
==Related structures==
 
===Inductor coupling===
Instead of using two discrete inductor components, many designers implement a ''coupled inductor Ćuk converter'', using a single magnetic component that includes both inductors on the same core.
The transformer action between the inductors inside that component gives a ''coupled inductor Ćuk converter'' lower output ripple than a Ćuk converter using two independent discrete inductor components.<ref>[http://boostbuck.com/TheFourTopologies.html The Four Boostbuck Topologies]</ref>
 
===Single-ended primary-inductance converter (SEPIC)===
{{main|SEPIC converter}}
A SEPIC converter is able to step-up or step-down the voltage.
 
==References==
<references/>
* [http://www.powerdesignersusa.com/InfoWeb/design_center/articles/DC-DC/converter.shtm DC-DC Converter Basics] by G. Ledwich 1998  --> not working
* [http://www.boostbuck.com/IsolationoftheCukConverter.html How to Design the Transformer in a Ćuk Converter]
* [http://www.boostbuck.com/PhilosophyofDesign.html Topology Background]
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuk Converter}}
[[Category:Electrical power conversion]]

Latest revision as of 21:04, 21 November 2014

So the problem there

Forward, impatient authentic with: 'got got, do not hypocritical.'

'This time it really was not a fake ...... Oh, you old men is really a genius ah, I ケイトスペード リボン バッグ also worry that the trial no less than ten hours, ten minutes did not use the results got ...... you know how they want to buy a Several kidney son, dressed as gang trafficking in human organs, stunned is to lay the whole kid scared to say ...... 財布 kate spade look to 財布 ケイトスペード the tools of crime has been extracted, the combined store and later found the vehicle kate spade マザーズバッグ broke ハンドバッグ ケイトスペード down, basic, and we pre- The conjecture is consistent. 'Yang Wubin sat down, the case advancing rapidly, he threw himself relaxed, arrest for SWAT, it is nothing more difficult, is not to be scared of the catch anyone.

'Do not be wise after the event, people guess when you still laugh too.' Xu Pingqiu exposing old debts, but the captain did not care Yang, Fu Zhang Tao straight forward: 'At that time nobody knew the truth?'

hey, wrong, Young captain stunned, since I do not know, how could guess who.

So the problem there, Young 相关的主题文章：

the dark one

This really is not a place to relax, the road is black, Tian Long is black, just brake Medina, the dark one, but not the green ケイトスペード 財布 セール hills turn, the private ケイトスペード 人気バッグ consequences of indiscriminate digging of a serious ecological damage, as it had been place, like an unfinished battlefield smoke, occasionally the wind, dust and fog will roll up a dark, almost on ケイトスペード アウトレット バッグ the level of barren.

'This can not blame individuals who ah, no upward, that have lower efficiency.' over sin evaluate the sentence, turn the topic to ask: '? case you think he said it credible.'

'basically credible, then here silly money, is notoriously now spoiled over the money, got ケイトスペードニューヨーク 財布 left is still a stupid person.' that Interpol channels. However, two-phase, as slander, very silent. Soon proved the credibility, a local ABC branch, found the Liu Erhu remittance stub, the time from now, has been a full two years and seven months ............

If you feel good on the web site to share a lot of thank you for the support kate spade トートバッグ of readers

,!
Bullet
Chapter 486 of Volume V of thinking mountain poor water complex 相关的主题文章：

what happened

'Oh yo, it might as well as an idiot.' Mouse tears, his face is indescribable suffering na.

So to this statement from the police investigation マザーズバッグ ケイトスペード got a vague message, what happened, the parties can not tell, in a coma; coma what happened in the past, can not tell, drunk, can say clearly Shane ?

can not tell what that pie face like an idiot easily loaded into the investigation the police are convinced, for the temporary amnesia, ケイトスペード 財布 通販 even the names and ケイトスペードのバッグ home addresses could not ケイトスペード 人気 財布 remember the 'party', are holding them with compassion eyes .........

.......................................

.......................................

I kate spade 財布 ゴールド return of sin is just the road to see the police car parked in the hotel parking, and folded back, I asked the hotel lobby, went straight to the incident point, seventeen layer of a large bed room.
Security measures
five-star hotel really good, did not spread to the other guests, the door wore clean carts, door cover one half, and he was about to go, he was stopped Security 相关的主题文章：

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