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| '''Passer rating''' (also known as '''quarterback rating''', '''QB rating''', or '''passing efficiency''' in college football) is a measure of the performance of passers, primarily [[quarterback]]s, in [[American football]] and [[Canadian football]].<ref name="NFLQBRating" /> There are two formulae currently in use: one used by both the [[National Football League]] (NFL) and [[Canadian Football League]] (CFL), and the other used in [[NCAA football]]. Passer rating is calculated using a player's passing attempts, completions, yards, [[touchdown]]s, and [[interception]]s. Since 1973, passer rating has been the official formula used by the NFL to determine its passing leader.<ref name="b">http://www.profootballhof.com/history/release.aspx?release_id=1303</ref>
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| Passer rating in the NFL is on a scale from 0 to 158.3. Passing efficiency in college football is determined on a scale from -731.6 to 1261.6.
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| ==History==
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| Before the development of the passer rating, the NFL struggled with how to crown a passing leader. In the mid-1930s, it was the quarterback with the most passing yardage. From 1938 to 1940, it was the quarterback with the highest completion percentage. In 1941, a system was created that ranked the league's quarterbacks relative to their peers' performance. Over the next thirty years the criteria used to crown a passing leader changed several times, but the ranking system made it impossible to determine a quarterback's rank until all the other quarterbacks were done playing that week, or to compare quarterback performances across multiple seasons. In 1971, NFL commissioner [[Pete Rozelle]] asked the league's statistical committee to develop a better system.<ref name="a">[http://www.bluedonut.com/qbrating.htm QB Rating story / GQ magazine / by Don Steinberg<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The committee was headed by Don Smith of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]], Seymour Siwoff of the [[Elias Sports Bureau]], and NFL executive Don Weiss. Smith and Siwoff established passing performance standards based on data from all qualified pro football passers between 1960 and 1970, and used that data to create the passer rating. The formula was adopted by the NFL in 1973.<ref name="b" />
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| ==NFL formula==
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| The NFL passer rating formula includes four variables: completion percentage, yards per attempt, touchdowns per attempt, and interceptions per attempt. Each of those variables is scaled to a value between 0 and 2.375, with 1.0 being statistically average (based on league data between 1960-1970). When the formula was first created, a 66.7 rating indicated an average performance, and a 100+ rating indicated an excellent performance.<ref name="a" /> However, passing performance has improved steadily since then and in 2008 the league average rating was 83.2.<ref>http://bleacherreport.com/articles/222790-did-nfl-passer-ratings-spike-in-2004-or-standardly-evolve</ref> A perfect passer rating (158.3) requires at least a 77.5% completion rate, 12.5+ yards per attempt, a touchdown on at least 11.875% of attempts, and no interceptions.<ref name="NFLQBRating"/>
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| The four separate calculations can be expressed in the following equations:
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| <math>a = \left ({\text{COMP} \over \text{ATT}} - .3 \right ) \times 5</math>
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| <math>b = \left ({\text{YDS} \over \text{ATT}} - 3 \right ) \times .25</math>
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| <math>c = \left ({\text{TD} \over \text{ATT}} \right ) \times 20</math>
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| <math>d = 2.375 - \left ({\text{INT} \over \text{ATT}} \times 25 \right )</math>
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| where
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| : '''ATT''' = Number of passing attempts
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| : '''COMP''' = Number of completions
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| : '''YDS''' = Passing yards
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| : '''TD''' = Touchdown passes
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| : '''INT''' = Interceptions
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| Then, the above calculations are used to complete the passer rating:
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| <math>\text{Passer Rating}_{\text{NFL}} = \left ({mm(a) + mm(b) + mm(c) + mm(d) \over 6} \right ) \times 100</math><br>
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| where <math>mm(x) = \text{max}(0, \text{min}(x, 2.375))</math><br />
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| In other words, mm(x) = x, with two exceptions:<br />
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| 1. If x < 0, then mm(x) = 0.<br />
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| 2. If x > 2.375, then mm(x) = 2.375.
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| ==NCAA formula==
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| The [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] passing efficiency formula is similar to that of the NFL passer rating, but does not impose limits on the four components:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://football.stassen.com/pass-eff/ |title=NCAA and NFL Passing Efficiency computation |publisher=Football.stassen.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-15}}</ref>
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| <math>\text{Passer Rating}_{\text{NCAA}} = {(8.4 \times \text{YDS}) + (330 \times \text{TD}) + (100 \times \text{COMP}) - (200 \times \text{INT}) \over \text{ATT}}</math>
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| where
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| : '''ATT''' = Number of passing attempts
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| : '''COMP''' = Number of completions
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| : '''YDS''' = Passing yards
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| : '''TD''' = Touchdown passes
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| : '''INT''' = Interceptions
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| The NCAA passer rating has an upper limit of 1,261.6 (every attempt is a 99-yard completion for touchdown), and a lower limit of -731.6 (every attempt is completed, but results in a 99-yard loss). A passer who throws only interceptions will have a -200 rating, as would a passer who only throws completed passes losing an average of 35.714 yards.
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| ==Advantages==
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| In 2011, [[CNNSI]] published an article by Kerry Byrne of ''Cold Hard Football Facts'' highlighting the importance of passer rating in determining a team's success.<ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/writers/kerry_byrne/08/03/defending-qb-rating/index.html CNNSI.com: Defending traditional passer rating]</ref> "Put most simply," the article states, "you cannot be a smart football analyst and dismiss passer rating. In fact, it's impossible to look at the incredible correlation of victory to passer rating and then dismiss it. You might as well dismiss the score of a game when determining a winner. [...] Few, if any, are more indicative of wins and losses than passer rating. Teams that posted a higher passer rating went 203-53 (.793) in [[2010 NFL season|2010]] and an incredible 151-29 (.839) after Week 5." Byrne made an expanded defense of the passer rating and its importance for the [[Pro Football Researchers Association]] in 2012.<ref>[http://www.coldhardfootballfacts.com/content/40-and-fabulous-praise-passer-rating/14959 Cold Hard Football Facts: 40 and Fabulous: in praise of passer rating]</ref> The study noted that of the eight teams since 1940 to lead the league in both offensive passer rating and defensive passer rating, all won championships.<ref>[[1941 Chicago Bears season|1941 Bears]], [[1943 Chicago Bears season|1943 Bears]], [[1949 Philadelphia Eagles season|1949 Eagles]], [[1955 Cleveland Browns season|1955 Browns]], [[1958 Baltimore Colts season|1958 Colts]], [[1959 Baltimore Colts season|1959 Colts]], [[1966 Green Bay Packers season|1966 Packers]], and [[1996 Green Bay Packers season|1996 Packers]]</ref>
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| ==Criticism==
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| The NFL on its website states: "Passer rating is used to evaluate passers, not quarterbacks."<ref name="NFLQBRating">{{cite web | url=http://www.nfl.com/help/quarterbackratingformula | title= NFL.com - NFL Quarterback Rating Formula | accessdate=2011-08-06}}</ref> The formula does not include rushing statistics, sacks, or fumbles, nor does it put added weight on performance during crucial situations such as third downs or fourth quarter scoring drives. Passer rating also cannot account for the quality of [[wide receiver]]s or pass protection from the [[American_football_positions#Offensive_line|offensive line]].
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| In 2011, [[ESPN, Inc.]] introduced a proprietary statistic called the [[Total Quarterback Rating]] (QBR) which it claims more accurately measures a quarterback's contributions to team wins.<ref>[http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/6833215/explaining-statistics-total-quarterback-rating Guide to the Total Quarterback Rating]</ref> However, QBR has also been met with criticism amongst analysts and fans.<ref>http://www.coldhardfootballfacts.com/content/qbr-espns-deeply-flawed-made-for-tv-stat/7978/</ref><ref>http://bleacherreport.com/articles/889199-big-flaws-in-espns-total-qbr-exposed-after-tim-tebow-rates-above-aaron-rodgers</ref>
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| ==Records==
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| ===NFL===
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| {{see also|List of National Football League records (individual)#Passer rating|l1=NFL passer rating records}}
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| * '''Highest passer rating, career''' (minimum 1,500 attempts): 105.2, [[Aaron Rodgers]], 2005–2013<ref>[http://www.pro-football-reference.com/play-index/pgl_finder.cgi?request=1&match=combined&year_min=1960&year_max=2013&season_start=1&season_end=-1&age_min=0&age_max=99&game_type=R&league_id=NFL&team_id=&opp_id=&game_num_min=0&game_num_max=99&week_num_min=0&week_num_max=99&game_day_of_week=&game_location=&game_result=&handedness=&is_active=&is_hof=&c1stat=pass_att&c1comp=gt&c1val=1500&c2stat=&c2comp=gt&c2val=&c3stat=&c3comp=gt&c3val=&c4stat=&c4comp=gt&c4val=&order_by=pass_rating Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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| * '''Highest passer rating, season''' (minimum 100 attempts): 122.5, [[Aaron Rodgers]], 2011<ref>[http://www.pro-football-reference.com/play-index/pgl_finder.cgi?request=1&match=single&year_min=1960&year_max=2012&season_start=1&season_end=-1&age_min=0&age_max=99&game_type=R&league_id=NFL&team_id=&opp_id=&game_num_min=0&game_num_max=99&week_num_min=0&week_num_max=99&game_day_of_week=&game_location=&game_result=&handedness=&is_active=&is_hof=&c1stat=pass_att&c1comp=gt&c1val=100&c2stat=&c2comp=gt&c2val=&c3stat=&c3comp=gt&c3val=&c4stat=&c4comp=gt&c4val=&order_by=pass_rating Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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| * '''Highest passer rating, rookie, season''': 102.4, [[Robert Griffin III]], 2012<ref>[http://www.pro-football-reference.com/play-index/pgl_finder.cgi?request=1&match=single&year_min=1960&year_max=2012&season_start=1&season_end=1&age_min=0&age_max=99&game_type=R&league_id=NFL&team_id=&opp_id=&game_num_min=0&game_num_max=99&week_num_min=0&week_num_max=99&game_day_of_week=&game_location=&game_result=&handedness=&is_active=&is_hof=&c1stat=pass_att&c1comp=gt&c1val=100&c2stat=&c2comp=gt&c2val=&c3stat=&c3comp=gt&c3val=&c4stat=&c4comp=gt&c4val=&order_by=pass_rating Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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| Wide receiver [[Antwaan Randle El]], with a passer rating of 157.5 from 21 completed passes of a possible 26, has the highest career rating of any non-QB with more than twenty attempts.<ref name="randle el passer rating">{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/peter_king/11/14/monday-morning-qb-week-10/3.html|title=Patriots? Jets? Giants? There are no super NFL teams this season|last=King|first=Peter|date=2010-11-15|publisher=''[[Sports Illustrated]]''|accessdate=2011-01-06}}</ref> [[Peyton Manning]] holds the record for the most games with a perfect passer rating (4). As of 2012, 61 NFL quarterbacks have [[List of NFL quarterbacks who have posted a perfect passer rating|completed a game with a perfect passer rating]] of 158.3, and seven have done so multiple times. [[Phil Simms]] holds the record for the highest passer rating in a Super Bowl, at 150.92 in [[Super Bowl XXI]]. [[Ben Roethlisberger]] holds the record for the lowest passer rating to win a Super Bowl, at 22.6 in [[Super Bowl XL]].
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| ===NCAA===
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| {{see also|List of NCAA football records#Passing|l1=NCAA passing efficiency records}}
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| * '''Highest passing efficiency, career''' (minimum 325 completions): 175.6, [[Sam Bradford]], [[Oklahoma Sooners football|Oklahoma]], 2007–2009 <ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Football Bowl Subdivision Records|url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2011/FBS.pdf|publisher=NCAA|accessdate=5 September 2011|page=7}}</ref>
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| * '''Highest passing efficiency, season''' (minimum 15 attempts per game): 191.8, [[Russell Wilson]], [[Wisconsin Badgers football|Wisconsin]], 2011<ref>[http://espn.go.com/blog/bigten/post/_/id/43119/wilson-persa-finish-with-ncaa-records Wilson, Persa finish with NCAA records - Big Ten Blog - ESPN]</ref>
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| ==See also==
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| *[[List of NFL quarterbacks who have posted a perfect passer rating]]
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| *[[List of NFL quarterbacks who have posted a passer rating of zero]]
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| *[[NFL career passer rating leaders]]
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| *[[Total Quarterback Rating]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.nfl.com/help/quarterbackratingformula NFL.com QB Rating Page]
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| * [http://www.primecomputing.com/ Online passer rating calculator for NFL/CFL, NCAA and AFL formulas]
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| * [http://classic17.wordpress.com/2009/10/19/nfl-passer-ratings/ A look at and breakdown of the NFL Passer Rating]
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| * [http://www.pro-football-reference.com/leaders/pass_rating_career.htm NFL Career Passer Rating Leaders]
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| * [http://brucey.net/nflab/statistics/qb_rating.html QB Rating Calculator]
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| * [http://www.qbranking.com/ Adjustable NFL passer rating calculator and database. Stats from 1932 - present.]
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| * [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CEFD61330F937A25752C0A9629C8B63 New York Times - The N.F.L.'s Passer Rating, Arcane and Misunderstood - January 14, 2004]
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| {{American football concepts}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Passer Rating}}
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| [[Category:American football terminology]]
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| [[Category:Canadian football terminology]]
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In response to a study performed by The Boston Consulting Group, there are roughly 5.three million, millionaire households in America as of yr-finish 2013. The nation with the second highest number of millionaire households is Japan with roughly 1.4 million. Another research from Spectrem Group in Chicago highlights roughly eight.2 million millionaire households in America. Whatever the true number is, there are many millionaires among us and the figure continues to develop.
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Failure to constantly participate in the market will surely result in a series of shoulda-woulda-coulda's within the coming years.