Proof that e is irrational: Difference between revisions

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In [[mathematics]], in the area of [[order theory]], an '''antichain''' is a subset of a [[partially ordered set]] such that any two elements in the subset are incomparable. (Some authors use the term "antichain" to mean [[strong antichain]], a subset such that there is no element of the [[Partially ordered set|poset]] smaller than two distinct elements of the antichain.)
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Let ''S'' be a partially ordered set.  We say two elements ''a'' and ''b'' of a partially ordered set are '''[[Comparability|comparable]]''' if ''a'' ≤ ''b'' or ''b'' ≤ ''a''. If two elements are not comparable, we say they are '''incomparable'''; that is, ''x'' and ''y'' are incomparable if neither ''x'' ≤ ''y'' nor ''y'' ≤ ''x''.
 
A '''chain''' in ''S'' is a [[subset]] ''C'' of ''S'' in which each pair of elements is comparable; that is, ''C'' is [[Total order|totally ordered]]. An '''antichain''' in ''S'' is a [[subset]] ''A'' of ''S'' in which each pair of different elements is incomparable; that is, there is no order relation between any two different elements in ''A''.
 
== Height and width ==
 
A '''maximal antichain''' is an antichain that is not a [[proper subset]] of any other antichain. A '''maximum antichain''' is an antichain that has cardinality at least as large as every other antichain. The ''width'' of a partially ordered set is the cardinality of a maximum antichain. Any antichain can intersect any chain in at most one element, so, if we can partition the elements of an order into ''k'' chains then the width of the order must be at most ''k''. [[Dilworth's theorem]] states that this bound can always be reached: there always exists an antichain, and a partition of the elements into chains, such that the number of chains equals the number of elements in the antichain, which must therefore also equal the width. Similarly, we can define the ''height'' of a partial order to be the maximum cardinality of a chain. [[Mirsky's theorem]] states similarly that in any partial order of finite height, the height equals the smallest number of antichains into which the order may be partitioned.
 
== Sperner families ==
 
An antichain in the inclusion ordering of subsets of an ''n''-element set is known as a [[Sperner family]]. The number of different Sperner families is counted by the [[Dedekind number]]s, the first few of which numbers are
:2, 3, 6, 20, 168, 7581, 7828354, 2414682040998, 56130437228687557907788 {{OEIS|id=A000372}}.
Even the empty set has two antichains in its power set: one containing a single set (the empty set itself) and one containing no sets.
 
== Join and meet operations ==
 
Any antichain ''A'' corresponds to a [[lower set]]
:<math>L_A = \{x \mid \exists y\in A\mbox{ s.t. }x\le y\}.</math>
In a finite partial order (or more generally a partial order satisfying the [[ascending chain condition]]) all lower sets have this form. The union of any two lower sets is another lower set, and the union operation corresponds in this way to a '''join''' operation
on antichains:
:<math>A \vee B = \{ x \in A\cup B \mid \not\exists y\in A\cup B\mbox{ s.t. }x < y\}.</math>
Similarly, we can define a '''meet''' operation on antichains, corresponding to the intersection of lower sets:
:<math>A \wedge B = \{ x\in L_A\cap L_B\mid \not\exists y\in L_A\cap L_B\mbox{ s.t. }x < y\}.</math>
The join and meet operations on all finite antichains of finite subsets of a set ''X'' define a [[distributive lattice]], the free distributive lattice generated by ''X''. [[Birkhoff's representation theorem]] for distributive lattices states that every finite distributive lattice can be represented via join and meet operations on antichains of a finite partial order, or equivalently as union and intersection operations on the [[lower set]]s of the partial order.
 
== See also ==
 
* [[Dedekind number]], the number of antichains in the power set of a finite set
* [[Strong antichain]]
 
== References ==
 
* {{mathworld | title = Antichain|urlname=Antichain}}
* {{planetmath reference|id=3212|title=Antichain}}
 
[[Category:Order theory]]
[[Category:Integer sequences]]

Latest revision as of 13:02, 14 October 2014

Epoxy, a form of resin, is recognized as an extremely durable glue type, which renders top-notch level of bonding properties. It is usually sold in 2-different packages known as Part A (resin) and Part B (hardener). It is important to blend both the parts in exact ratios before utilizing them to avail a specific strength. This adhesive can securely bind numerous materials like plastics, wood and metals. These adhesives provide solid bonding properties and can serve as a tough layer of protection as well.

Industrial Uses

The rudiments of epoxy can be derived from petroleum products, one being Bisphenol-A, which provides this chemical its boding efficiency. Another component in this resin is Epichlorohydrin that aids the chemical and provides a strong layer, which is resistant to moisture, humidity and an array of varying temperatures.

The qualities like strong bonding and hard coating make these adhesives a perfect choice for thermosetting epoxide polymer to be utilized with metals, which undergo great levels of stress. Some instances of such applications are, metal plating on ships and hulls of airplanes. The versatility of these adhesives facilitates it to be utilized even in the construction of wooden furniture. In this application, this hardener is able to secure sections of frames and acts as a coat of protection when it is utilized to varnish the finished product. Varnishing utilizing epoxies render the product an alluring finish and are highly potent to sustain that eye-catching look for many years.

Household Uses

Moreover, you can utilize these resins to repair defected household products. For instance, if the leg of a chair has begun to wobble, you can apply this adhesive to secure the joint.

It acts as a hardener, which creates robust joints and renders it with durability to endure any amounts of stress that it may undergo.

Some other applications of this hardener in household includes repair of broken clocks, antique picture frames, making candles and components that might have fallen off from a device. If you treasured this article so you would like to acquire more info about epoxi resina kindly visit the site. These chemicals serve as an effective substitute to any other forms of glue, which you might be utilizing to repair household stuff.

When using this hardener, keep in mind to mix the vital elements (as instructed on the pack) before applying it to the components. Different brands of epoxy come with different time limit, like, how much time is required for the chemical to dry up and provide a sturdy bond.

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